💥مجموعه ای از تست های رایگان تعیین سطح زبان ویژه متقاضیان آیلتس، تافل در کلیه سطوح تنها در ۲۰ دقیقه در بخش های گرامر، واژگان، ریدینگ و کالوکیشن در لینک زیر
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🔴The 4 greatest threats to the survival of humanity
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🔴The 4 greatest threats to the survival of humanity
In January of 1995, Russia detected a nuclear missile headed its way. The alert went all the way to the president, who was deciding whether to strike back when another system contradicted the initial warning. What they thought was the first missile in a massive attack was actually a research rocket studying the Northern Lights. This incident happened after the end of the Cold War, but was nevertheless one of the closest calls we’ve had to igniting a global nuclear war.
With the invention of the atomic bomb, humanity gained the power to destroy itself for the first time in our history. Since then, our existential risk— risk of either extinction or the unrecoverable collapse of human civilization— has steadily increased. It’s well within our power to reduce this risk, but in order to do so, we have to understand which of our activities pose existential threats now, and which might in the future.
So far, our species has survived 2,000 centuries, each with some extinction risk from natural causes— asteroid impacts, supervolcanoes, and the like. Assessing existential risk is an inherently uncertain business because usually when we try to figure out how likely something is, we check how often it's happened before. But the complete destruction of humanity has never happened before. While there’s no perfect method to determine our risk from natural threats, experts estimate it’s about 1 in 10,000 per century.
Nuclear weapons were our first addition to that baseline. While there are many risks associated with nuclear weapons, the existential risk comes from the possibility of a global nuclear war that leads to a nuclear winter, where soot from burning cities blocks out the sun for years, causing the crops that humanity depends on to fail. We haven't had a nuclear war yet, but our track record is too short to tell if they’re inherently unlikely or we’ve simply been lucky. We also can’t say for sure whether a global nuclear war would cause a nuclear winter so severe it would pose an existential threat to humanity.
The next major addition to our existential risk was climate change. Like nuclear war, climate change could result in a lot of terrible scenarios that we should be working hard to avoid, but that would stop short of causing extinction or unrecoverable collapse. We expect a few degrees Celsius of warming, but can’t yet completely rule out 6 or even 10 degrees, which would cause a calamity of possibly unprecedented proportions. Even in this worst-case scenario, it’s not clear whether warming would pose a direct existential risk, but the disruption it would cause would likely make us more vulnerable to other existential risks.
The greatest risks may come from technologies that are still emerging. Take engineered pandemics. The biggest catastrophes in human history have been from pandemics. And biotechnology is enabling us to modify and create germs that could be much more deadly than naturally occurring ones. Such germs could cause pandemics through biowarfare and research accidents. Decreased costs of genome sequencing and modification, along with increased availability of potentially dangerous information like the published genomes of deadly viruses, also increase the number of people and groups who could potentially create such pathogens.
Another concern is unaligned AI. Most AI researchers think this will be the century where we develop artificial intelligence that surpasses human abilities across the board. If we cede this advantage, we place our future in the hands of the systems we create. Even if created solely with humanity’s best interests in mind, superintelligent AI could pose an existential risk if it isn’t perfectly aligned with human values— a task scientists are finding extremely difficult.
In January of 1995, Russia detected a nuclear missile headed its way. The alert went all the way to the president, who was deciding whether to strike back when another system contradicted the initial warning. What they thought was the first missile in a massive attack was actually a research rocket studying the Northern Lights. This incident happened after the end of the Cold War, but was nevertheless one of the closest calls we’ve had to igniting a global nuclear war.
With the invention of the atomic bomb, humanity gained the power to destroy itself for the first time in our history. Since then, our existential risk— risk of either extinction or the unrecoverable collapse of human civilization— has steadily increased. It’s well within our power to reduce this risk, but in order to do so, we have to understand which of our activities pose existential threats now, and which might in the future.
So far, our species has survived 2,000 centuries, each with some extinction risk from natural causes— asteroid impacts, supervolcanoes, and the like. Assessing existential risk is an inherently uncertain business because usually when we try to figure out how likely something is, we check how often it's happened before. But the complete destruction of humanity has never happened before. While there’s no perfect method to determine our risk from natural threats, experts estimate it’s about 1 in 10,000 per century.
Nuclear weapons were our first addition to that baseline. While there are many risks associated with nuclear weapons, the existential risk comes from the possibility of a global nuclear war that leads to a nuclear winter, where soot from burning cities blocks out the sun for years, causing the crops that humanity depends on to fail. We haven't had a nuclear war yet, but our track record is too short to tell if they’re inherently unlikely or we’ve simply been lucky. We also can’t say for sure whether a global nuclear war would cause a nuclear winter so severe it would pose an existential threat to humanity.
The next major addition to our existential risk was climate change. Like nuclear war, climate change could result in a lot of terrible scenarios that we should be working hard to avoid, but that would stop short of causing extinction or unrecoverable collapse. We expect a few degrees Celsius of warming, but can’t yet completely rule out 6 or even 10 degrees, which would cause a calamity of possibly unprecedented proportions. Even in this worst-case scenario, it’s not clear whether warming would pose a direct existential risk, but the disruption it would cause would likely make us more vulnerable to other existential risks.
The greatest risks may come from technologies that are still emerging. Take engineered pandemics. The biggest catastrophes in human history have been from pandemics. And biotechnology is enabling us to modify and create germs that could be much more deadly than naturally occurring ones. Such germs could cause pandemics through biowarfare and research accidents. Decreased costs of genome sequencing and modification, along with increased availability of potentially dangerous information like the published genomes of deadly viruses, also increase the number of people and groups who could potentially create such pathogens.
Another concern is unaligned AI. Most AI researchers think this will be the century where we develop artificial intelligence that surpasses human abilities across the board. If we cede this advantage, we place our future in the hands of the systems we create. Even if created solely with humanity’s best interests in mind, superintelligent AI could pose an existential risk if it isn’t perfectly aligned with human values— a task scientists are finding extremely difficult.
Based on what we know at this point, some experts estimate the anthropogenic existential risk is more than 100 times higher than the background rate of natural risk. But these odds depend heavily on human choices. Because most of the risk is from human action, and it’s within human control. If we treat safeguarding humanity's future as the defining issue of our time, we can reduce this risk. Whether humanity fulfils its potential— or not— is in our hands.
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🔴Why is it so hard to cure the common cold?
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🔴Why is it so hard to cure the common cold?
In 2000, a company called ViroPharma ran clinical trials of pleconaril, a new pill designed to treat the common cold. In many patients, the pill helped. But in 7 of them, just a few days into the treatment, researchers found mutated virus variants that were almost completely resistant to pleconaril.
Viruses are always mutating, but this one mutated so quickly that it managed to outmaneuver years of research and development in just a few days.
If you didn't have an immune system and caught a cold, the infection would quickly spread deep into your lungs. Rampant viral replication would destroy tissue there, until your lungs couldn’t supply your body with enough oxygen and you’d asphyxiate.
Unfortunately, for millions of people around the world who live with a less-than-fully-functional immune system or who are on immunosuppressant drugs, this is a real risk: “minor” infections can turn serious or even deadly.
But if you're fortunate enough to have a fully functional immune system, a cold will probably give you a few relatively mild symptoms. On average, adults catch more than 150 colds throughout their lives. And despite the fact that the symptoms are similar, the cause could be different each time
Common colds are caused by at least 8 different families of virus, each of which can have its own species and subtypes.
How can so many different viruses cause the same illness? Well, viruses can only invade our bodies in a few ways: one is to come in on a breath. We have to breathe, so our immune system sets up a bunch of frontline defenses and these are actually what produce many of the symptoms of a cold. Your mucus-y, dripping nose is your immune system trapping and flushing out virus. Your fever is your immune system raising your body temperature to slow down viral replication. And your inflamed, well, everything, that’s your immune system widening your blood vessels and recruiting its white blood cell army to help kill the virus.
So, if the common cold is caused by many different viruses, is a cure even possible?
Here’s one fact in our favor: a single family of viruses causes 30 to 50% of all colds: rhinovirus. If we could eliminate all rhinovirus infections, we’d be a long way towards curing the common cold.
There are two main ways to fight a virus: vaccines and antiviral drugs.
The first attempt to create a rhinovirus vaccine was a success— but a short-lived one. In 1957, William Price vaccinated 50 kids with inactivated rhinovirus and gave 50 others a placebo. Soon afterwards, a rhinovirus outbreak spread throughout the kids. In the vaccinated group, only 3 got sick. In the placebo group, 23 did— almost 8 times as many. And despite the small numbers, this was promising: the immune systems of vaccinated kids were successfully recognizing and responding to rhinovirus.
But later trials of the vaccine showed no protection at all— none. This wasn’t Price’s fault— no one at the time knew that rhinovirus had multiple subtypes. Price’s vaccine, for reasons we don’t fully understand, didn't provide broad protection, meaning it was only effective against one or maybe a few subtypes of rhinovirus— out of 169 subtypes and counting.
Sometimes, when we make a vaccine, we get lucky. The mRNA COVID vaccines, for example, effectively protect us against severe disease and death across the original virus and variants too.
But we have yet to create a broadly protective vaccine against rhinovirus, or any other virus that causes the common cold.
Okay, what about antiviral drugs?
Viruses hijack human cellular machinery to replicate and spread, so it’s hard to make a molecule that’s toxic to the virus without also being toxic to the human. And even if you manage to do that, the virus could mutate out of reach of the drug.
In 2000, a company called ViroPharma ran clinical trials of pleconaril, a new pill designed to treat the common cold. In many patients, the pill helped. But in 7 of them, just a few days into the treatment, researchers found mutated virus variants that were almost completely resistant to pleconaril.
Viruses are always mutating, but this one mutated so quickly that it managed to outmaneuver years of research and development in just a few days.
If you didn't have an immune system and caught a cold, the infection would quickly spread deep into your lungs. Rampant viral replication would destroy tissue there, until your lungs couldn’t supply your body with enough oxygen and you’d asphyxiate.
Unfortunately, for millions of people around the world who live with a less-than-fully-functional immune system or who are on immunosuppressant drugs, this is a real risk: “minor” infections can turn serious or even deadly.
But if you're fortunate enough to have a fully functional immune system, a cold will probably give you a few relatively mild symptoms. On average, adults catch more than 150 colds throughout their lives. And despite the fact that the symptoms are similar, the cause could be different each time
Common colds are caused by at least 8 different families of virus, each of which can have its own species and subtypes.
How can so many different viruses cause the same illness? Well, viruses can only invade our bodies in a few ways: one is to come in on a breath. We have to breathe, so our immune system sets up a bunch of frontline defenses and these are actually what produce many of the symptoms of a cold. Your mucus-y, dripping nose is your immune system trapping and flushing out virus. Your fever is your immune system raising your body temperature to slow down viral replication. And your inflamed, well, everything, that’s your immune system widening your blood vessels and recruiting its white blood cell army to help kill the virus.
So, if the common cold is caused by many different viruses, is a cure even possible?
Here’s one fact in our favor: a single family of viruses causes 30 to 50% of all colds: rhinovirus. If we could eliminate all rhinovirus infections, we’d be a long way towards curing the common cold.
There are two main ways to fight a virus: vaccines and antiviral drugs.
The first attempt to create a rhinovirus vaccine was a success— but a short-lived one. In 1957, William Price vaccinated 50 kids with inactivated rhinovirus and gave 50 others a placebo. Soon afterwards, a rhinovirus outbreak spread throughout the kids. In the vaccinated group, only 3 got sick. In the placebo group, 23 did— almost 8 times as many. And despite the small numbers, this was promising: the immune systems of vaccinated kids were successfully recognizing and responding to rhinovirus.
But later trials of the vaccine showed no protection at all— none. This wasn’t Price’s fault— no one at the time knew that rhinovirus had multiple subtypes. Price’s vaccine, for reasons we don’t fully understand, didn't provide broad protection, meaning it was only effective against one or maybe a few subtypes of rhinovirus— out of 169 subtypes and counting.
Sometimes, when we make a vaccine, we get lucky. The mRNA COVID vaccines, for example, effectively protect us against severe disease and death across the original virus and variants too.
But we have yet to create a broadly protective vaccine against rhinovirus, or any other virus that causes the common cold.
Okay, what about antiviral drugs?
Viruses hijack human cellular machinery to replicate and spread, so it’s hard to make a molecule that’s toxic to the virus without also being toxic to the human. And even if you manage to do that, the virus could mutate out of reach of the drug.
Viruses are slippery beasts. We have, though, had some incredible successes: we eradicated smallpox thanks to an effective vaccine, the fact that it can’t hide out in other species, and its relatively low mutation rate. HIV, on the other hand, mutates so quickly that in an untreated individual, every possible single-letter mutation in the virus’s genetic code could, in theory, be produced in a single day.
Despite trying for decades, we still don’t have a vaccine. But we do have an effective cocktail of HIV drugs that the virus can’t easily mutate away from.
Unfortunately, we are stuck with colds for now. But the last few decades have featured some entirely game-changing medical breakthroughs, like mRNA vaccines and CRISPR. CRISPR could be particularly promising as an antiviral agent, because it originally evolved in bacteria as an immune defense against viruses. In fact, early in the COVID-19 pandemic, a research team showed that a CRISPR system could degrade coronavirus and influenza genomes in our lung cells. They called their system prophylactic antiviral CRISPR in human cells.
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Despite trying for decades, we still don’t have a vaccine. But we do have an effective cocktail of HIV drugs that the virus can’t easily mutate away from.
Unfortunately, we are stuck with colds for now. But the last few decades have featured some entirely game-changing medical breakthroughs, like mRNA vaccines and CRISPR. CRISPR could be particularly promising as an antiviral agent, because it originally evolved in bacteria as an immune defense against viruses. In fact, early in the COVID-19 pandemic, a research team showed that a CRISPR system could degrade coronavirus and influenza genomes in our lung cells. They called their system prophylactic antiviral CRISPR in human cells.
#Education #Disease #Health #Health_Care #Medicine #Illness #Vaccines #Virus #Medical_Research #TED_Ed #Animation #Human_Body #Coronavirus
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🔴تست رایگان تعیین سطح ریدینگ آیلتس با توجه به درخواست های متقاضیان در لینک زیر👇👇
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🔴What's the smartest age?
#Memory #Education #Aging #Brain #TED_Ed #Animation
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👍1
🔴What's the smartest age?
What is the smartest age? Perhaps a day of friendly competition will lead us to the answer.
Tomorrow’s the annual Brain Clash— ten teams of two competing in a decathlon of mental challenges, trivia competitions, and puzzles. I’ve been training all year. I’ll need to pick the smartest, most capable teammate. I’ve narrowed down the roster.
First we have Gabriela. She may only be 8, but don’t underestimate her! She’s fluent in two languages and is the ultimate outside-the-box thinker.
Then there’s Ama. She can recite 100 digits of pi, designs satellites for a living, and bakes a perfect soufflé.
Or I could go with Mr. Taylor. He’s the best chess player in the neighborhood, not to mention he’s competed in over 20 Brain Clashes and is a five-time champion! I’m not sure who to pick! Who’s the smartest?
Which of these teammates should Amir choose for tomorrow's contest and why? Of course, it depends.
While intelligence is often associated with things like IQ tests, these assessments fail to capture the scope and depth of a person’s varied abilities. So instead, we’ll break down the idea of “smart” into categories like creativity, memory, and learning and explore when the brain’s best at each of them.
Let's start at the very beginning. In the first few years of life, your brain undergoes incredible rapid growth, called synaptogenesis, where more than 1 million new neural connections are formed every second.
As the brain develops, it goes through a pruning process. Based on your experience and environment, used connections are strengthened and unused connections are removed. Frequently used neuronal pathways are myelinated, wrapped in a layer of insulation, allowing information to travel faster. This creates a more efficient, fine-tuned brain. But this brain remodeling happens within and between brain regions at different times, allowing different skills to flourish at different ages.
For example, in childhood, brain regions involved in language learning develop quickly, which is why many children can learn and master multiple languages. Yet the prefrontal cortex, a brain region responsible for cognitive control and inhibition, is slower to develop. As a result, some young children may struggle with strategic games, such as chess or checkers, which require constant concentration, planning, and abstract thought. At the same time, children tend to be more flexible, exploration-based learners. They often use more creative approaches when finding solutions to riddles and are, on average, less afraid to make mistakes.
But adults have their own unique set of abilities. Adults benefit from a well-developed prefrontal cortex, allowing them to better execute skills that require learning, focus, and memory, making them quick and efficient puzzle solvers or crossword masters.
Late in adulthood, these same skills may decline as the brain’s memory center, known as the hippocampus, shrinks. But there’s a reason for the phrase “older and wiser.” After a lifetime of learning, older adults have more knowledge to recall and utilize, making them excellent trivia partners.
Other factors that Amir should consider are his own strengths. As an adolescent, the prefrontal cortical regions of your brain are more developed than in childhood. This allows you to better navigate logic and math puzzles. Simultaneously, deep inside the brain, regions that are important in motivation and reward are developing even faster, driving teenagers like Amir to be curious and adventurous learners.
In many ways, you can think of the teenager as a jack-of-all-trades, with brains wired to seek out new experiences and learn quickly. You’re at a dynamic stage, where the choices you make and the skills you focus on can actually guide the development of your brain.
What is the smartest age? Perhaps a day of friendly competition will lead us to the answer.
Tomorrow’s the annual Brain Clash— ten teams of two competing in a decathlon of mental challenges, trivia competitions, and puzzles. I’ve been training all year. I’ll need to pick the smartest, most capable teammate. I’ve narrowed down the roster.
First we have Gabriela. She may only be 8, but don’t underestimate her! She’s fluent in two languages and is the ultimate outside-the-box thinker.
Then there’s Ama. She can recite 100 digits of pi, designs satellites for a living, and bakes a perfect soufflé.
Or I could go with Mr. Taylor. He’s the best chess player in the neighborhood, not to mention he’s competed in over 20 Brain Clashes and is a five-time champion! I’m not sure who to pick! Who’s the smartest?
Which of these teammates should Amir choose for tomorrow's contest and why? Of course, it depends.
While intelligence is often associated with things like IQ tests, these assessments fail to capture the scope and depth of a person’s varied abilities. So instead, we’ll break down the idea of “smart” into categories like creativity, memory, and learning and explore when the brain’s best at each of them.
Let's start at the very beginning. In the first few years of life, your brain undergoes incredible rapid growth, called synaptogenesis, where more than 1 million new neural connections are formed every second.
As the brain develops, it goes through a pruning process. Based on your experience and environment, used connections are strengthened and unused connections are removed. Frequently used neuronal pathways are myelinated, wrapped in a layer of insulation, allowing information to travel faster. This creates a more efficient, fine-tuned brain. But this brain remodeling happens within and between brain regions at different times, allowing different skills to flourish at different ages.
For example, in childhood, brain regions involved in language learning develop quickly, which is why many children can learn and master multiple languages. Yet the prefrontal cortex, a brain region responsible for cognitive control and inhibition, is slower to develop. As a result, some young children may struggle with strategic games, such as chess or checkers, which require constant concentration, planning, and abstract thought. At the same time, children tend to be more flexible, exploration-based learners. They often use more creative approaches when finding solutions to riddles and are, on average, less afraid to make mistakes.
But adults have their own unique set of abilities. Adults benefit from a well-developed prefrontal cortex, allowing them to better execute skills that require learning, focus, and memory, making them quick and efficient puzzle solvers or crossword masters.
Late in adulthood, these same skills may decline as the brain’s memory center, known as the hippocampus, shrinks. But there’s a reason for the phrase “older and wiser.” After a lifetime of learning, older adults have more knowledge to recall and utilize, making them excellent trivia partners.
Other factors that Amir should consider are his own strengths. As an adolescent, the prefrontal cortical regions of your brain are more developed than in childhood. This allows you to better navigate logic and math puzzles. Simultaneously, deep inside the brain, regions that are important in motivation and reward are developing even faster, driving teenagers like Amir to be curious and adventurous learners.
In many ways, you can think of the teenager as a jack-of-all-trades, with brains wired to seek out new experiences and learn quickly. You’re at a dynamic stage, where the choices you make and the skills you focus on can actually guide the development of your brain.
So, what’s the smartest age? There’s no single answer. It’s 8, 16, 25, 65, and everything in between; our brains have adapted to prioritize different skills at various ages to meet that stage of life’s challenges and demands. So no matter who Amir picks, having an age-diverse team is a good strategy.
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🔴🔴پکیج رایگان نکات مهم و کاربردی گرامر در دو سطح متوسط و پیشرفته برای داوطلبین کلیه آزمون های بین المللی سنجش زبان در لینک زیر👇👇
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🔴Amazon's commitment to run on 100-percent renewable energy
#Climate_Change #Environment #Sustainability #BusinessEnergy #Renewable_Energy
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🔴Amazon's commitment to run on 100-percent renewable energy
It sounds simple, just power your business with 100 percent renewable energy. But the detail that goes in and the industry expertise that's required to really understand not just how much energy you're consuming across different parts of your business, but also what's the best and most cost-effective way to drive new wind and solar to the grids around the world. It's complicated, and not everybody has the opportunity to build an internal team of energy experts. It really comes back to the opportunity to partner.
When you take a step back and think about Amazon as a company, it's a complicated place. We operate data centers, distribution centers, warehouses, commercial offices, grocery stores, and all of these different types of operations have a different set of challenges that we're trying to tackle.
We set this goal to get to 100 percent renewable energy by 2030. We started off with questions like, “How much energy did we use in India last year, or last month, or yesterday?” Understanding our usage across time and across geographies, and then mapping that against where are the available solar and wind projects that we could possibly invest in and then figure out where can we be a catalyst to really drive new clean energy to the grids where we operate. We realized very quickly that we cannot go at this alone.
We needed to galvanize collective action across the entire economy, and that’s why we launched The Climate Pledge which is really just that, it’s a pledge and a commitment to get to net zero in alignment with climate science, but an invitation to partner and a collective call to action for other companies to take part in this journey with us.
So when we set out our second headquarters location in Arlington, Virginia, we tried to think about how are we going to power this new campus with 100 percent renewable energy. We got to know Arlington County and realized they also had a commitment to power their government buildings, as well as the entire community, with 100 percent renewable energy over time. So that instant partnership allowed us to come together and say, “What are some cool options that we can explore together to bring new renewable energy to Arlington?”
We took a step back to evaluate how much power will this campus consume? How much power will our local Whole Foods stores, our distribution center stores consume? We were able to add that all up and then talk to the county and ask them the exact same questions. How much power do you need to achieve your clean energy goals? And so we combined those numbers and really came to Dominion, the local utility provider, with the need of basically a 120-megawatt solar farm [to] meet all of our needs. We were able to strike an agreement that would allow us to bring that 120-megawatt solar farm online that would eventually feed the grids that feed government buildings, Amazon stores, as well as our new campus in Arlington.
When we started our journey, we were at 42 percent renewable energy in 2019. And fast forward to today, we're powered by 85 percent renewable energy across the world. We have a chance to accelerate that commitment to get to 100 percent renewable energy from 2030 down to 2025.
We have more work to do, but I think the proof points we have with renewable energy give us a blueprint on how we can attack other parts of the climate crisis yet to be solved. How do we decarbonize concrete in our buildings? How do we think about aviation from a zero-carbon perspective? How do we know what our buildings consume, how do we know where we need to get to to hit our goals?
It sounds simple, just power your business with 100 percent renewable energy. But the detail that goes in and the industry expertise that's required to really understand not just how much energy you're consuming across different parts of your business, but also what's the best and most cost-effective way to drive new wind and solar to the grids around the world. It's complicated, and not everybody has the opportunity to build an internal team of energy experts. It really comes back to the opportunity to partner.
When you take a step back and think about Amazon as a company, it's a complicated place. We operate data centers, distribution centers, warehouses, commercial offices, grocery stores, and all of these different types of operations have a different set of challenges that we're trying to tackle.
We set this goal to get to 100 percent renewable energy by 2030. We started off with questions like, “How much energy did we use in India last year, or last month, or yesterday?” Understanding our usage across time and across geographies, and then mapping that against where are the available solar and wind projects that we could possibly invest in and then figure out where can we be a catalyst to really drive new clean energy to the grids where we operate. We realized very quickly that we cannot go at this alone.
We needed to galvanize collective action across the entire economy, and that’s why we launched The Climate Pledge which is really just that, it’s a pledge and a commitment to get to net zero in alignment with climate science, but an invitation to partner and a collective call to action for other companies to take part in this journey with us.
So when we set out our second headquarters location in Arlington, Virginia, we tried to think about how are we going to power this new campus with 100 percent renewable energy. We got to know Arlington County and realized they also had a commitment to power their government buildings, as well as the entire community, with 100 percent renewable energy over time. So that instant partnership allowed us to come together and say, “What are some cool options that we can explore together to bring new renewable energy to Arlington?”
We took a step back to evaluate how much power will this campus consume? How much power will our local Whole Foods stores, our distribution center stores consume? We were able to add that all up and then talk to the county and ask them the exact same questions. How much power do you need to achieve your clean energy goals? And so we combined those numbers and really came to Dominion, the local utility provider, with the need of basically a 120-megawatt solar farm [to] meet all of our needs. We were able to strike an agreement that would allow us to bring that 120-megawatt solar farm online that would eventually feed the grids that feed government buildings, Amazon stores, as well as our new campus in Arlington.
When we started our journey, we were at 42 percent renewable energy in 2019. And fast forward to today, we're powered by 85 percent renewable energy across the world. We have a chance to accelerate that commitment to get to 100 percent renewable energy from 2030 down to 2025.
We have more work to do, but I think the proof points we have with renewable energy give us a blueprint on how we can attack other parts of the climate crisis yet to be solved. How do we decarbonize concrete in our buildings? How do we think about aviation from a zero-carbon perspective? How do we know what our buildings consume, how do we know where we need to get to to hit our goals?
Amazon wants to get to net zero because we don't have an option. The climate science is clear. We need partnerships to drive change at scale that's really going to drive carbon out of our global economy. And that was really the spirit of The Climate Pledge and a call to action to solve the climate crisis.
#Climate_Change #Environment #Sustainability #BusinessEnergy #Renewable_Energy
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#Climate_Change #Environment #Sustainability #BusinessEnergy #Renewable_Energy
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🔴دانلود کتاب عالی
Vocabulary for IELTS
در دو سطح متوسط و پیشرفته در لینک زیر
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https://b2n.ir/t89140
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Vocabulary for IELTS
در دو سطح متوسط و پیشرفته در لینک زیر
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https://b2n.ir/t89140
Join ➣ @BestIELTS ☜عضويت
www.bestielts.ir
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🔴Do you really need 8 hours of sleep every night?
#Science #Health #Marketing #Shopping #Sleep #Human_Body
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#Science #Health #Marketing #Shopping #Sleep #Human_Body
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🔴Do you really need 8 hours of sleep every night?
Sleep is so important. We need it to live. And when we can't sleep, we're desperate for help.
But lately, our fascination with sleep feels as if it's taken on an urgency. Do a quick internet search for sleep and you'll find a slew of articles about how to make your sleep perfect. New gadgets, fancy alarm clocks, stay away from blue light. There are lots of services, products and advice columns that tell us we're sleeping wrong. Not enough, not quality sleep, wrong position. Even worse, you might find scary messaging claiming that if you're not sleeping right your life is going to be shorter, you're going to get all kinds of diseases.
One of the biggest worries we have about our sleep is that we're not getting enough and that anything less than seven hours a night means that we’re doomed to bad health, everything from high blood pressure to Alzheimer’s disease. But there are two flaws with this kind of messaging. The first flaw is that it's not completely accurate. Seven to eight hours of sleep, while recommended for adults, is just an average. And while messages have to be simplified for health communication to the public, sometimes important nuances get lost. So yes, it's true that not getting enough sleep in the long term is associated with health problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes and depression. But fixating solely on seven to eight hours ignores the fact that there's a range of sleep that people need. The duration of a good night's sleep can be different for different people. Some adults need eight, but some are just fine on six.
The second flaw with this kind of doomsday messaging is that it can be counterproductive, especially for people who do have trouble sleeping. For instance, in 2019, it was estimated that 21 percent of adults in the US were wearing sleep tracking devices. And that number is probably growing. And I get it. It's fascinating to see how much sleep you've gotten each night and to know what part of your night was spent in deep sleep or dreaming. But having all of that sleep data is causing some people to become obsessed with it, so much so that it’s leading to a condition some call orthosomnia: a preoccupation with the constant need to achieve perfect sleep. And this condition, ironically, is causing more sleep problems.
Now orthosomnia might be an extreme example, but the anxiety of not getting enough sleep is keeping some of us up at night. So here's what some experts are saying. Stop fixating on the number because that can lead to unrealistic expectations of sleep. According to Dr. Colleen Carney, a psychologist and the head of the Ryerson University Sleep Lab, the basic questions you should ask yourself are: Do I feel reasonably well-rested during the day? Do I generally sleep through the night without disturbances? Or, if I wake, do I fall back asleep easily? Can I stay awake through the day without involuntarily falling asleep? If your answers are yes to all three, you probably don't need to worry about your sleep. And if you're struggling with your sleep, instead of buying expensive blue light filters or fancy sleep trackers, try talking with your doctor to make sure there aren't any medical conditions that need to be explored first. Then try evidence-based recommendations laid out by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. What's really cool is that there's a highly effective therapy called cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, or CBT-I, It doesn’t have any medications involved. And it has a really low failure rate.
Footnotes
Sleep is so important. We need it to live. And when we can't sleep, we're desperate for help.
But lately, our fascination with sleep feels as if it's taken on an urgency. Do a quick internet search for sleep and you'll find a slew of articles about how to make your sleep perfect. New gadgets, fancy alarm clocks, stay away from blue light. There are lots of services, products and advice columns that tell us we're sleeping wrong. Not enough, not quality sleep, wrong position. Even worse, you might find scary messaging claiming that if you're not sleeping right your life is going to be shorter, you're going to get all kinds of diseases.
One of the biggest worries we have about our sleep is that we're not getting enough and that anything less than seven hours a night means that we’re doomed to bad health, everything from high blood pressure to Alzheimer’s disease. But there are two flaws with this kind of messaging. The first flaw is that it's not completely accurate. Seven to eight hours of sleep, while recommended for adults, is just an average. And while messages have to be simplified for health communication to the public, sometimes important nuances get lost. So yes, it's true that not getting enough sleep in the long term is associated with health problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes and depression. But fixating solely on seven to eight hours ignores the fact that there's a range of sleep that people need. The duration of a good night's sleep can be different for different people. Some adults need eight, but some are just fine on six.
The second flaw with this kind of doomsday messaging is that it can be counterproductive, especially for people who do have trouble sleeping. For instance, in 2019, it was estimated that 21 percent of adults in the US were wearing sleep tracking devices. And that number is probably growing. And I get it. It's fascinating to see how much sleep you've gotten each night and to know what part of your night was spent in deep sleep or dreaming. But having all of that sleep data is causing some people to become obsessed with it, so much so that it’s leading to a condition some call orthosomnia: a preoccupation with the constant need to achieve perfect sleep. And this condition, ironically, is causing more sleep problems.
Now orthosomnia might be an extreme example, but the anxiety of not getting enough sleep is keeping some of us up at night. So here's what some experts are saying. Stop fixating on the number because that can lead to unrealistic expectations of sleep. According to Dr. Colleen Carney, a psychologist and the head of the Ryerson University Sleep Lab, the basic questions you should ask yourself are: Do I feel reasonably well-rested during the day? Do I generally sleep through the night without disturbances? Or, if I wake, do I fall back asleep easily? Can I stay awake through the day without involuntarily falling asleep? If your answers are yes to all three, you probably don't need to worry about your sleep. And if you're struggling with your sleep, instead of buying expensive blue light filters or fancy sleep trackers, try talking with your doctor to make sure there aren't any medical conditions that need to be explored first. Then try evidence-based recommendations laid out by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. What's really cool is that there's a highly effective therapy called cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, or CBT-I, It doesn’t have any medications involved. And it has a really low failure rate.
Footnotes
👍2
"In 2019, it was estimated that 21 percent of adults in the US were wearing sleep tracking devices."
Clarification: This statistic was taken from a 2019 Pew Research study that evaluated the number of US adults who wear a smart watch or wearable fitness tracker, which can be used to track sleep among other tracking data, but the study did not specifically look at the number of US adults who wore sleep tracking devices. For more, see here.
#Science #Health #Marketing #Shopping #Sleep #Human_Body
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Clarification: This statistic was taken from a 2019 Pew Research study that evaluated the number of US adults who wear a smart watch or wearable fitness tracker, which can be used to track sleep among other tracking data, but the study did not specifically look at the number of US adults who wore sleep tracking devices. For more, see here.
#Science #Health #Marketing #Shopping #Sleep #Human_Body
🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜
🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜
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🔴A carbon-free future starts with driving less
#Climate_Change #Environment #Globa_Issues #Sustainability #Transportation #Countdown
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#Climate_Change #Environment #Globa_Issues #Sustainability #Transportation #Countdown
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🔴A carbon-free future starts with driving less
The number one source of carbon emissions in the United States is coming from transportation. Globally, it's number two. And the majority of that comes from our personal use, our cars and trucks.
How do we consume less energy while meeting the needs that people have of transportation?
[Presented by TED Countdown and The Climate Pledge]
The majority of car trips in the world today are less than five miles. It’s a simple question: Can we get more people to drive less and bike more and scooter more to where they go? The average trip on an e-bike or e-scooter produces less than seven percent carbon emissions of an equivalent car trip. Micro-mobility is dramatically more green than alternatives, and we're working every single day to reduce our own carbon emissions even further.
So what sometimes happens is that a company would say, "What is the dirtiest part of our business? Let's just outsource it. And if we outsource it, we've solved our problems."
But that doesn't actually solve your problem because somebody else is polluting and emitting. If we're going to live up to our own ideals then we need to do the core of what folks have always done: reduce, reuse and recycle.
The early days of micro-mobility, we took a consumer scooter or a consumer e-bike and we put it into a commercial space. And what that meant was that our average scooter lasted a month. Imagine that, every month we need to buy an entire fleet for the world. And that was not green. And it created an enormous amount of shipping cost, manufacturing cost, upstream and ultimately it created problems in terms of end of life of our scooters and e-bikes. And so we found manufacturing partners that can build scooters and e-bikes that last four years, five years, rather than a month.
We also then said, OK, it's not just how long it lasts, it also depends on how many of the parts we can reuse. And so we started to say, let's redesign our entire e-bikes and e-scooters so that if a scooter does break, we can take it apart and reuse many parts of that scooter. We started to use a swappable battery technology. Not only does it increase the life, it also reduces the number of trips we have to take back and forth to actually support our fleet. And we're constantly working to reduce the amount of waste that we actually send to landfill.
As our batteries get to the end of life, they may not have sufficient charge to power an e-bike, but that battery can still power many, many things. We started partnering with a portable speaker maker, and we take that battery that today doesn't have enough juice to power somebody on a scooter and we turn it into the battery for the portable speaker, and it extends and it recycles into that life. A lot of these things wouldn't be part of our direct carbon emissions, but we care about it because the thing that we have to count is the true end to end life cycle of our products.
When I look across all these things, it's not one thing, it's not two things, it's 100 little actions we do. And it starts with understanding and measuring our own environmental impact and challenging ourselves to do better. We have to work at building a future of transportation that is shared, affordable, but most importantly, carbon-free.
#Climate_Change #Environment #Globa_Issues #Sustainability #Transportation #Countdown
🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜
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The number one source of carbon emissions in the United States is coming from transportation. Globally, it's number two. And the majority of that comes from our personal use, our cars and trucks.
How do we consume less energy while meeting the needs that people have of transportation?
[Presented by TED Countdown and The Climate Pledge]
The majority of car trips in the world today are less than five miles. It’s a simple question: Can we get more people to drive less and bike more and scooter more to where they go? The average trip on an e-bike or e-scooter produces less than seven percent carbon emissions of an equivalent car trip. Micro-mobility is dramatically more green than alternatives, and we're working every single day to reduce our own carbon emissions even further.
So what sometimes happens is that a company would say, "What is the dirtiest part of our business? Let's just outsource it. And if we outsource it, we've solved our problems."
But that doesn't actually solve your problem because somebody else is polluting and emitting. If we're going to live up to our own ideals then we need to do the core of what folks have always done: reduce, reuse and recycle.
The early days of micro-mobility, we took a consumer scooter or a consumer e-bike and we put it into a commercial space. And what that meant was that our average scooter lasted a month. Imagine that, every month we need to buy an entire fleet for the world. And that was not green. And it created an enormous amount of shipping cost, manufacturing cost, upstream and ultimately it created problems in terms of end of life of our scooters and e-bikes. And so we found manufacturing partners that can build scooters and e-bikes that last four years, five years, rather than a month.
We also then said, OK, it's not just how long it lasts, it also depends on how many of the parts we can reuse. And so we started to say, let's redesign our entire e-bikes and e-scooters so that if a scooter does break, we can take it apart and reuse many parts of that scooter. We started to use a swappable battery technology. Not only does it increase the life, it also reduces the number of trips we have to take back and forth to actually support our fleet. And we're constantly working to reduce the amount of waste that we actually send to landfill.
As our batteries get to the end of life, they may not have sufficient charge to power an e-bike, but that battery can still power many, many things. We started partnering with a portable speaker maker, and we take that battery that today doesn't have enough juice to power somebody on a scooter and we turn it into the battery for the portable speaker, and it extends and it recycles into that life. A lot of these things wouldn't be part of our direct carbon emissions, but we care about it because the thing that we have to count is the true end to end life cycle of our products.
When I look across all these things, it's not one thing, it's not two things, it's 100 little actions we do. And it starts with understanding and measuring our own environmental impact and challenging ourselves to do better. We have to work at building a future of transportation that is shared, affordable, but most importantly, carbon-free.
#Climate_Change #Environment #Globa_Issues #Sustainability #Transportation #Countdown
🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜
🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜