🚨 Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS) | SOMedEd

Abnormal placental villi attachment/invasion of uterine wall → failed separation post-delivery. 🏥

📌 Types:
• Accreta: attached to myometrium
• Increta: invades myometrium
• Percreta: penetrates through uterus ± bladder

⚠️ Risk factors: Previous C-section, placenta previa, uterine surgery

🩸 Major complication: Massive postpartum hemorrhage

🧠 SOMedEd Notes:
"A-I-P = Attach → Invade → Penetrate"

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AMBLYOPIA | SOMedEd 👁️✨👓

“Patch the good eye. Train the weak eye. Protect the future of vision.” 🛡️👶

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FIRST-TRIMESTER SCREENING 🩺 | SOMedEd

The first-trimester screening analyzes the risk for aneuploidy (e.g., trisomy 18 & 21) by measuring: 🧪

- Pregnancy-associated protein A (PAPP-A) in maternal serum 🩸
- β-hCG 🧬
- Nuchal translucency 📏

Performed between 9 - 13 weeks of gestation; 🤰 Not diagnostic and must be confirmed with villus sampling / amniocentesis 🔬

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ANION GAP | SOMedEd

💡 Anion gap matters in clinical practice: 🩺

• Differentiates metabolic acidosis 🧪
- High AG: DKA, lactic acidosis, uremia, toxins (MUDPILES/GOLD MARK) ⚠️
- Normal AG: diarrhea, RTA, acetazolamide 📉

• Detects mixed/hidden acid–base disorders (e.g., sepsis) 🔍

• Monitors treatment response (e.g., DKA resolution) 📊

• Suggests toxin ingestion (e.g., toxic alcohols, salicylates) ☠️

• Limitation: low albumin can falsely lower AG (consider correction) 📝

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