Answer
———
(A) Acute Stress Conditions

1. Symptomatic drug treatment:
anxiolytic, antidepressant, antipsychotic
2. Psychotherapy, crisis intervention, cognitive behavioral therapy "CBT" enables the individual to:
a. be aware of their own problem & its cause
b. evaluate the exact significance of stresso
teach him how to develop & maintain the use of stress-management skills,
correct maladaptive pattern of thinking le. do proper management of time & problem-
solving skills.

(B) Chronic Stress


Try to change the individual's behavior & personality style by:
1. Relaxation training, eg, progressive muscle relaxation.
2. Religious meditation, praying ....
3. Biofeedback, trial to put the involuntary physiological (ANS)
responses under voluntary control (device which gives an alarm when
+++ABP so that the person relaxes).
4. Physical exercise, yoga, music, art, dance & social activities.

———————————

What are theories and causes of human aggression?

Answer
———
Theories of Aggression:
(A) Psychosocial theories:
Freud theory: sex & aggression are the 2 basic instincts (death instinct).
Lorenz theory: aggression stems from fighting instinct (as other organisms)
Learned response theory: aggression is a form of learned behavior, through observation, imitation, identification & needs reinforcement to be repeated.
B) Biological Basis:
1-Genetic Studies:
-Aggression runs in families & in monozygotic › dizygotic twins
Polymorphism of Tryptopha hydroxylase gene with lower CSF & blood SHIAA
& serotonin level in aggressive persons.
Chromosomal abnormality (XYY, Phenylketonuria, Sanfilippo's) → ++ aggression
2- Hormones:
Testosterone, androgens, progesterone related to aggressive behavior,
Males with androgen insensitivity syndrome → tend to be feminine & calm
Females with adrenogenital syndrome → masculinized & +++ aggression.
Criminals who commit violent crimes have higher levels of testosterone
Murderers with ++testosterone have known their victim & planned their crime
3-Neurotransmitters
Cholinergic & catecholaminergic systems → +++ aggression
Serotonin & GABA → ---- aggression
4-Neuro anatomy:
Damage to Limbic system, amygdala, hypothalamus → defensive aggression
Cerebral cortex (prefrontal area may also be involved in aggression
—

Causes of Aggression:
(A) Psychosocial:
1) Intense frustration when prevented from reaching some goals especially when it is massive & unexpected. Frustration-aggression hypothesis: frustration always results in aggression & aggression will not occur unless frustrated.
However, frustration may produce depression & withdrawal & not all aggression is preceded by frustration

2-Direct provocation from others (insults), threatening self-esteem in public

3-Oppression from unjust authority (events in political conflicts)

4-Exposure to media charged with violence (aggressive models)

5-Situational eg, +++ psychological or sexual arousal or pain.

6-History of child physical, sexual abuse or neglect.

7- Family conflicts and problems.

8-The presence of physical anomalies and handicap.

(B) Environmental:
1-Air pollution, noise, over-crowding.
2-low socioeconomic status, minority groups
3-availability of weapons as in upper Egypt.
(C) Substance abuse:
Opioids, amphetamines, cocaine, hallucinogens, cannabis; high doses of anxiolytics & barbiturates; Alcohol drinking → aggressive thoughts & actions

———————————

a- Patient related factors & doctor related factors in medical
interview.
b- How to improve information giving skills.

Answers
———

A-

1. Patient related factors:
- Patient's belief of health and illness
- Problem wished to discuss
- Previous experience with medical care
- Current experience with medical care
- Expectations of the doctor will do
- How the patient perceives the role of the doctor
2. Doctor related factors:
- Personality
- Physical factors
- Psychological factors
- Problem wanted to be discussed with patient
- Communication skills
- Self-confidence in the ability to communicate

B-

1. Discuss& clarify every given information.
2. Begin the interview by summarizing the patient's condition.
3. Assess the patient's understanding of the condition.
4. Outline plan of the rest of the interview.
5. Discuss& explain every part of information in appropriate language
6. Mention the most important first
7. If relevant, use drawings to supplement the information
8. Negotiate management with him
9. Explore his view and encourage him to ask ques.
10. Check the patient's understanding.

———————————

⭕ PSY

Files

Med Map's
Part 1
ـــــــــــ
Dr Effat's
Department's book
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Sources

1️⃣ Dr Nagi
PlayList in the order of Dr Effat's file
Playlist in the order of Department book
Task: Last 5 videoes
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2️⃣ MedMap
Medical Psychology 2
Medical Psychology 3
no more videoes yet
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⭕ Pathology

Files

Written Q For every chapter
Written Q Dr. Eman

Sources

Today's task: Blood  
DR.Elnemr

What are psychological changes in old age?

Answer
———

a. ---- mental capacity
b. rigid memory
c. less adaptable to new ideas & tasks; d. has a large useful experience

———————————

What are problems related to old age and how to manage it ?

Answers
———

Problems of old age:
1. Work: slower in mental tasks but more careful, practiced & conscientious.
- Retirement is associated with being cut from friends & familiar.
2. Decreased Interests: isolation, loneliness, physiological & psychological changes 3. Isolation & loneliness: while he is in need to be wanted, loved & respected
a. Getting older
b. Decline of mental & physical capacities.
c. Most offspring left him to live independent lives.
4. He may be suspicious & hypochondriac: complaints without evidence
5. Deterioration in personal habits: childish & disinherited (---mental capacity). 6. Clashes with family members or society
68
——
Management :
. Prevention: we have to expect these changes & arrange for proper handling. 2. Care for physical health: to prevent some handicaps
3. The aged has to maintain sustaining some goals whatever possible.
4. The aged has to continue work as much as he can.
5. In our culture: religious & extended families make children take care of an aged. 6. Religious practice; will maintain integrity of the aged.

———————————

Enumerate different types of anxiety defenses, and give examples.

Answer
———
1- Displacement :

Changing the target of an emotion or drive, while the person having the feeling remains the same
-
2-Repression :

An idea or feeling is eliminated from consciousness. Most Basic. The content may once have been known, but now inaccessible
-
3- isolation of affect :

Reality is accepted but without the expected human emotional response to
that reality. Separation of an idea from the affect that accompanies it
-
4- Intellecutualization :

Affect is stripped away and replaced by an excessive use of intellectual processes. Cognition replaces affect. Intellect in place of emotion
-
5- Acting out :

Massive emotional or behavioral outburst to cover up underlying feeling or idea. Strong action or emotion to cover up unacceptable emotions: the real emotion is covered & not expressed
-
6- Rationalization :

Rational attempt to explain & justify unacceptable event by acceptable one.
Used to relieve guilt & shame
-
7-) Reaction formation (unconscious):

Doing the opposite of what is really felt. Love is expressed as hate
-
8) Undoing:

Acting out the reverse of unacceptable behavior. Repair or fixes the impulse
-
9) Passive -Aggression

Non-performance or poor performance after setting up the expectation of performance. Regarded as passive (indirect) expression of hostility. Feelings of hostility are unconscious, person is unaware. If conscious, it is not a defense.
-
10) Dissociation

Separates self from one's experience. 3d-person rather than 1st-person experience. The facts of the events are accepted, but the self is protected from the full impact of the experience

———————————

Define intelligence & characters of intelligence person.

Answer
———

Cognitive abilities Capacity to reason,remember,understand,solveproblems& make
decisions; Intelligence is one of the major cognitive abilities.

Intelligence includes 3 main characteristics:

1) Able to learn, to profit by experience & to act with foresight; to grasp essential
relation; remember, reason & perform other information-processing skills.
2) Using those skills to solve problems
3) Able to alter or adapt to new or changing environments