Mitochondria aggregate below the neck

Acrosomal cap spreads to cover the anterior 2/3 of nucleus.

Two centrioles migrate to the opposite pole of the spermatid.

Excess cytoplasm is pinched off

Secondary spermatocyte

Primary spermatocyte

Dark type A spermatogonia

Type B spermatogonia

Inhibin

Testosterone

Anti-Mullerian hormone

FSH

Contain diploid number of chromosomes

Produced under direct effect of LH

Difficult to be seen in testicular sections.

Is the final step in spermatogonial stage.

It is produced by Leydig cells

It is produced under the control of LH of anterior pituitary.

It accumulates testosterone inside the seminiferous tubule.

It is secreted in the pre-pubertal testis.

They have large dark nuclei.

They are sensitive to harmful substances

They have well-defined lateral borders

They have pale acidophilic cytoplasm

Scanty rER & SER

Numerous mitochondria and lysosomes.

Poorly developed cytoskeleton of microtubules

Few lipid droplets

Easily affected by elevated testicular temperature

Show lipofuscin granules in elderly.

Very rich in rER

Have basophilic cytoplasm

Cells forming acini

Reinke's crystalloids within their cytoplasm

Branched cells with dark nuclei

Polygonal cells among fenestrated blood capillaries.

Is achieved in the efferent ductules

Is due to glycoproteins secreted by the epididymis

Means that sperms are fully capacitated

Starts only in female fallopian tube

Ejaculatory ducts

Rete testis

Epididymis

Vas deferens

a) Increased vascular hydrostatic

b) Vasoconstriction

c) Decreased osmotic pressure of the interstitial tissue

d) All of the above.

a) Increased vascular permeability.

b) Chemotaxis

c) Fever

d) All of the above

a) Leukotriene B4

b) Chemokine

c) Nitric oxide

d) Bacterial products

a) Deposition of fibrin in inflammatory conditions is known as fibrosis

b) Fibrin plays important functions in inflammation & repair

c) Cellulitis is characterized by excess fibrin deposition

d) All of the above

a) They are most commonly seen in suppurative inflammation,

b) They have a weaker phagocytic capacity than macrophages.

c) They are more commonly seen in granulomas than in chronic non-specific inflammation

d) All of the above

e) None of the above

a) Caused by Streptococcus hemolyticus infection.

b) Pus is thin and sanguinous

c) The main inflammatory cells are lymphocytes and plasma cells.

d) Mainly occurs in loose tissues.

. e) Most common in diabetics

a) Silicosis

b) Foreign body granuloma

c) Sarcoidosis

d) Tuberculosis.

a) Persistent vasoconstriction.

b) Vasodilatation

c) Increased vascular permeability.

d) Vascular stasis.

e) Emigration of leucocytes