To convert from millimeters to inches, multiply by .03937

👉World’s top 5 highest density material
osmium – 22,570 kg/m3
Iridium – 22,420 kg/m3
Platinum – 21,450 kg/m3
Rhenium – 21,020 kg/m3
Gold – 19,320 kg/m3
👉 World’s top 5 lowest-density material
Hydrogen – 0.0898 kg/m3
Helium – 0.179 kg/m3
Aero graphite – 0.2 kg/m3
Metallic micro lattice – 0.9 kg/m3
Aerogel – 1.0 kg/m3

ionic charges chart

Science notes Elements and ions

Periodic Table of the Elements with name and symbol

Best English Grammar Work Book Ever

English Regular Verbs

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*✍️राष्ट्रीय एवं राजस्तरीय दल एवं चुनाव चिह्न/National and State level parties and election symbols*

*Q_1. कांग्रेस का चुनाव चिन्ह व स्थापना वर्ष / What is the election symbol and foundation year of Congress?*
*Ans:* हाथ--1885 | Hand--1885

*Q_2. भाजपा का चुनाव चिन्ह व स्थापना वर्ष / What is the election symbol and foundation year of BJP?*
*Ans:* कमल--1980 | Lotus--1980


*Q_3. भाकपा का चुनाव चिन्ह व स्थापना वर्ष / What is the election symbol and foundation year of CPI?*
*Ans:* अनाज वाली व हसिया--1925 | The grain mill and the sickle--1925

*Q_4. माकपा का चुनाव चिन्ह व स्थापना वर्ष / What is the election symbol and foundation year of CPI(M)?*
*Ans:* हथौड़ा एवं तारा--1964 | Hammer and Star--1964

*Q_5. राजद का चुनाव चिन्ह व स्थापना वर्ष / What is the election symbol and foundation year of RJD?*
*Ans:* लालटेन--1997 | Lantern--1997


*Q_6. शिवसेना का चुनाव चिन्ह व स्थापना वर्ष / What is the election symbol and foundation year of Shiv Sena?*
*Ans:* तीर-धनुष--1966 | Bow and Arrow--1966

*Q_7. बसपा का चुनाव चिन्ह व स्थापना वर्ष / What is the election symbol and foundation year of BSP?*
*Ans:* हाथी--1984 | Elephant--1984


*Q_8. एनसीपी का चुनाव चिन्ह व स्थापना वर्ष / What is the election symbol and foundation year of NCP?*
[06/01, 8:14 pm] chatgpt: *Ans:* घड़ी--1999 | watch --1999

*Q_9. आम आदमी पार्टी का चुनाव चिन्ह व स्थापना वर्ष / What is the election symbol and foundation year of AAP?*
*Ans:* झाडू--2012 | Broom--2012

*✍️संविधान के प्रमुख समितियाँ एवं अध्यक्ष/Major committees and chairmen of the constitution*

*Q_1. संचालन समिति के अध्यक्ष कौन थे? / Who was the chairman of the Steering Committee?*
*Ans:* डॉ. राजेन्द्र प्रसाद | Dr. Rajendra Prasad

*Q_2. संघ संविधान समिति के अध्यक्ष कौन थे? / Who was the chairman of the Constituent Assembly Committee?*
*Ans:* पं. जवाहरलाल नेहरु | Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru


*Q_3. प्रांतीय संविधान समिति के अध्यक्ष कौन थे? / Who was the chairman of the Provincial Constitution Committee?*
*Ans:* वल्लभभाई पटेल | Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

*Q_4. प्रारूप समिति के अध्यक्ष कौन थे? / Who was the chairman of the Drafting Committee?*
*Ans:* डॉ. भीमराव अम्बेडकर | Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

*Q_5. झण्डा समिति के अध्यक्ष कौन थे? / Who was the chairman of the Flag Committee?*
*Ans:* जे. बी. कृपलानी | J. B. Kripalani

*Q_6. संघ शक्ति समिति के अध्यक्ष कौन थे? / Who was the chairman of the Union Power Committee?*
*Ans:* पं. जवाहरलाल नेहरु | Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru

*✍️अंतरिक्ष प्रौद्योगिकी/space technology part 1*

• *जापान ने दुनिया का पहला लकड़ी का सैटेलाइट LognoSat लॉन्च किया है।*
Japan has launched the world's first wooden satellite, LognoSat.

• *इसरो द्वारा विकसित संचार उपग्रह जीसैट 20 का सफल प्रक्षेपण अमेरिका (केप कैनावेरल) में स्पेसएक्स के फाल्कन 9 रॉकेट के जरिए किया गया।*
The communication satellite GSAT-20 developed by ISRO was successfully launched via SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral, USA.

• *सूर्य के रहस्यों को जानने हेतु यूरोपीय संघ के प्रोबा - 3 अंतरिक्ष यान को इसरो द्वारा लॉन्च किया जाएगा।*
To understand the mysteries of the Sun, the European Union's PROBA-3 spacecraft will be launched by ISRO.

• *नासा ने सुनीता विलियम्स को अंतरिक्ष से वापस लाने के लिए SpaceX के सहयोग से NASA SpaceX Crew-9 Mission को लॉन्च किया है। सुनीता विलियम्स ने जून में बोइंग स्टारलाइनर मिशन के तहत अंतरिक्ष की यात्रा की थी।*
NASA, in collaboration with SpaceX, launched the NASA SpaceX Crew-9 Mission to bring Sunita Williams back from space. Sunita Williams traveled to space under the Boeing Starliner mission in June.

• *हाल ही में यूक्रेन ने बैलिस्टिक मिसाइल Harim-2 का सफल प्रक्षेपण किया है।*
Recently, Ukraine successfully launched the ballistic missile Harim-2.

• *भारतीय वायुसेना के स्क्वाड्रन लीडर मोहना सिंह एयरफ़ोर्स के तेजस लड़ाकू विमान को उड़ाने वाली पहली महिला पायलट बन गई हैं।*
Squadron Leader Mohana Singh of the Indian Air Force became the first female pilot to fly the Tejas fighter jet.

• *नासा के कार्बन डाईऑक्साइड और मीथेन के प्रमुख उत्सर्जकों का पता लगाने के लिए टेंनेजर 1 उपग्रह लॉन्च किया है।*
NASA has launched the Tenager-1 satellite to identify major emitters of carbon dioxide and methane.

• *SpaceX का पहला प्राइवेट स्पेसवाक मिशन पोलरिस डॉन पूरा हुआ।*
SpaceX's first private spacewalk mission, Polaris Dawn, has been completed.

• *भारत का पहला राष्ट्रीय अंतरिक्ष दिवस 23 अगस्त 2024 को मनाया गया।*
India's first National Space Day was celebrated on August 23, 2024.

• *Axiom-4 मिशन के लिए भारत द्वारा दो अंतरिक्ष यात्रियों गुप कैप्टन शुभांशु शुक्ला और प्रशांत बालकृष्ण नायर को शॉर्टलिस्ट किया गया है।*
Two Indian astronauts, Captain Shubanshu Shukla and Prashant Balakrishna Nair, have been shortlisted for the Axiom-4 mission.

• *SpaceX पृथ्वी के ध्रुवीय क्षेत्र का अध्ययन करने के लिए फ्रैम-2 मिशन लॉन्च करने की योजना बना रही है।*
SpaceX plans to launch the Fram-2 mission to study Earth's polar regions.

• *चंद्रमा पर एक क्रेटर का नाम माउंट एवरेस्ट के शिखर पर पहुंचने वाली पहली नेपाली महिला पासंग ल्हामू शेरपा के नाम पर रखा गया है।*
A crater on the Moon has been named after Pasang Lhamu Sherpa, the first Nepali woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest.

• *इसरो ने सतीश धवन अंतरिक्ष केंद्र से लघु प्रक्षेपण यान (SSLV)-D3 का उपयोग करके पृथ्वी अवलोकन उपग्रह EOS-08 का सफल प्रक्षेपण किया।*
ISRO successfully launched the Earth Observation Satellite EOS-08 using the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)-D3 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre.

• *जापान ने उन्नत भूमि अवलोकन उपग्रह 4 DAICHI (ALOS) लॉन्च किया।*
Japan has launched the advanced land observation satellite 4 DAICHI (ALOS).

• *रूसी कॉस्मोनॉट ओलेग कोनोनेंको अंतरिक्ष में 1000 दिन पूरा करने वाले पहले व्यक्ति बने।*
Russian cosmonaut Oleg Kononenko became the first person to complete 1000 days in space.

• *भारत और फ्रांस का संयुक्त सैटलाइट मिशन तृष्णा पृथ्वी के तापमान की निगरानी करेगा।*
India and France's joint satellite mission TRISHNA will monitor Earth's temperature.

• *दक्षिण कोरिया ने राष्ट्रीय अंतरिक्ष एजेंसी KASA की स्थापना की।*
South Korea has established its national space agency, KASA.

• *गोपी थोटाकुरा अंतरिक्ष में जाने वाले पहले भारतीय पर्यटक बने।*
Gopi Thotakura became the first Indian tourist to travel to space.

• *नासा ने डेविड साल्वाग्निनी को पहला AI चीफ ऑफिसर नियुक्त किया है।*
NASA has appointed David Salvagnini as its first AI Chief Officer.

• *चीन ने अपने नए चंद्र मिशन चांग E-6 को लॉन्च किया, जिसका उद्देश्य चंद्रमा के सुदूर क्षेत्र से 2 किलो नमूना इकट्ठा करना है।*
China has launched its new lunar mission Chang E-6, aimed at collecting 2 kilograms of samples from the far side of the Moon.

*✍️ राज्यों के प्रमुख त्योहार / Major Festivals of Indian States*

- *जल्लीकट्टू महोत्सव / Jallikattu Festival*
- तमिल नाडु / Tamil Nadu

- *फ्लेमिंगो महोत्सव / Flamingo Festival*
- आंध्र प्रदेश / Andhra Pradesh

- *धानु यात्रा महोत्सव / Dhanu Yatra Festival*
- ओडिशा / Odisha

- *नुआखाई महोत्सव / Nuakhai Festival*
- ओडिशा / Odisha

- *अंत: प्राणाय महोत्सव / Bathukamma Festival*
- तेलंगाना / Telangana

- *बोनालू उत्सव / Bonalu Festival*
- तेलंगाना / Telangana

- *बुधकम्मा उत्सव / Bathukamma Festival*
- तेलंगाना / Telangana

- *लाई हरोबा त्योहार / Lai Haraoba Festival*
- त्रिपुरा / Tripura

- *लोसर त्योहार / Losar Festival*
- हिमाचल प्रदेश / Himachal Pradesh

- *फागली महोत्सव / Fagli Festival*
- हिमाचल प्रदेश / Himachal Pradesh

- *देव सूर्य महोत्सव / Chhath Puja*
- बिहार / Bihar

- *चापचार कूट महोत्सव / Chapchar Kut Festival*
- मिजोरम / Mizoram

- *फुलदेई त्योहार / Phool Dei Festival*
- उत्तराखंड / Uttarakhand

- *मिर्च महोत्सव / Chilli Festival*
- मध्य प्रदेश / Madhya Pradesh

- *शिरुई लिली महोत्सव / Shirui Lily Festival*
- मणिपुर / Manipur

- *आदि महोत्सव / Sindhu Darshan Festival*
- - लेह, लद्दाख / Leh, Ladakh

- *लोसर महोत्सव / Losar Festival*
- लद्दाख / Ladakh

- *हॉर्निबिल फेस्टिवल / Hornbill Festival*
- नागालैंड / Nagaland

- *मांडू महोत्सव / Mandu Festival*
- मध्य प्रदेश / Madhya Pradesh

- *चेरी ब्लॉसम फेस्टिवल / Cherry Blossom Festival*
- मेघालय / Meghalaya

*✍️आजादी से पहले भारत में लगभग 568 रियासतें थीं। भारतीय संघ में शामिल होने वाली सबसे बड़ी रियासत कौन सी थी? / There were about 568 princely states in India before independence. Which was the largest princely state to join the Indian Union?*

(1) *Hyderabad / हैदराबाद*

(2) *Jammu and Kashmir / जम्मू और कश्मीर*

(3) *Mysore / मैसूर*

(4) *Junagadh / जूनागढ़*

*Answer :- (1) ✅*

*✍️Major Geographical Nicknames of India /भारत के प्रमुख भौगोलिक उपनाम*

1. *City of the Golden Temple / स्वर्ण मन्दिर का शहर*
👉 Amritsar | अमृतसर

2. *Land of Five Rivers / पांच नदियों की भूमि*
👉 Punjab | पंजाब

3. *Blue Mountains / ब्लू माउण्टेन*
👉 Nilgiri Hills | नीलगिरि की पहाड़ियां

4. *Sorrow of Bengal / बंगाल का शोक*
👉 Damodar River | दामोदर नदी

5. *Garden of India / भारत का उद्यान*
👉 Bengaluru | बंगलुरु

6. *Gateway of India / भारत का प्रवेश द्वार*
👉 Mumbai | मुम्बई

7. *Venice of the East / पूर्व का वेनिस*
👉 Kochi | कोचीन

8. *Spice Garden of India / भारत का मसालों का बगीचा*
👉 Kerala | केरल

9. *Switzerland of India / भारत का स्विट्जरलैण्ड*
👉 Kashmir | कश्मीर

10. *Diamond Harbour / डायमण्ड हार्बर*
👉 Kolkata | कोलकाता

11. *City of Seven Islands / सात टापूओं का नगर*
👉 Mumbai | मुम्बई

*12. Twin Cities / जुड़वां नगर*
👉 Hyderabad-Secunderabad | हैदराबाद- सिकन्दराबाद

13. *City of Lakes / झीलों का नगर*
👉 Srinagar | श्रीनगर

14. *City of Temples and Ghats / मन्दिरों एवं घाटों का नगर*
👉 Varanasi | वाराणसी


15. *City of Nawabs / नवाबों का नगर*
👉 Lucknow | लखनऊ

16. *Backbone of North India's Economy / उत्तर भारत की अर्थव्यवस्था का मेरुदण्ड*
👉 Ganga River | गंगा नदी

17. *Sorrow of Bihar / बिहार का शोक*
👉 Kosi River | कोसी नदी

18. *Hollywood of India / भारत का हॉलीवुड*
👉 Mumbai | मुम्बई

19. *Steel City / इस्पात नगरी*
👉 Jamshedpur | जमशेदपुर

20. *Java of Uttar Pradesh / उत्तर प्रदेश का जावा*
👉 Gorakhpur | गोरखपुर

21. *Queen of the Hills / पर्वतों की रानी*
👉 Mussoorie | मसूरी

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22. *Sea Child / समुद्र-पुत्र*
👉 Lakshadweep | लक्षद्वीप

23. *Kashmir of the South / दक्षिण का कश्मीर*
👉 Kerala | केरल

24. *Pittsburgh of India / भारत का पिट्सबर्ग*
👉 Jamshedpur | जमशेदपुर

25. *Manchester of India / भारत का मैनचेस्टर*
👉 Ahmedabad | अहमदाबाद

26. *Paris of India / भारत का पेरिस*
👉 Jaipur | जयपुर


27. *black River / काली नदी*
👉 Sharda River | शारदा नदी

28. Ganga of the South / दक्षिण की गंगा
👉 Kaveri | कावेरी

29. *Mini Switzerland of India / भारत का मिनी स्विट्जरलैण्ड*
👉 Khajjiar (Chamba) | खाज्जियार (चम्बा), हिमाचल प्रदेश

30. *Abode of God / ईश्वर का निवास स्थान*
👉 Allahabad (Prayagraj) | इलाहाबाद (प्रयागराज)

31. *City of Palaces / महलों का शहर*
👉 Kolkata | कोलकाता

32. *Queen of the Arabian Sea / अरब सागर की रानी*
👉 Kochi | कोचीन

33. *Pink City / गुलाबी शहर*
👉 Jaipur | जयपुर

34. *Manchester of North India / उत्तर भारत का मैनचेस्टर*
👉 Kanpur | कानपुर

35. *City of Lakes / झीलों का नगर*
👉 Udaipur (Rajasthan) | उदयपुर (राजस्थान)

36. *Heart of Rajasthan / राजस्थान का हृदय*
👉 Ajmer | अजमेर

37. *Paris of the East / पूर्व का पेरिस*
👉 Jaipur | जयपुर

38. *Pride of Rajasthan / राजस्थान का गौरव*
👉 Chittorgarh | चित्तौड़गढ़

*✍️विटामिन और उनके खोजकर्ता / Vitamins and their discoverers*

1. *विटामिन A / Vitamin A*

*खोजकर्ता | Discoverer:* फ्रेडरिक गौलैंड हॉपकिंस / Frederick Gowland Hopkins
*साल | Year:* 1913

2. *विटामिन B1 (थायमिन) / Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)*

*खोजकर्ता | Discoverer:* कैसिमिर फंक / Casimir Funk
*साल | Year:* 1912

3. *विटामिन B2 (राइबोफ्लेविन) / Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)*

*खोजकर्ता | Discoverer:* रिचर्ड कुन्ह और पॉल क्रेहर / Richard Kuhn & Paul Karrer
*साल | Year:* 1933

4. *विटामिन B3 (नियासिन) / Vitamin B3 (Niacin)*

*खोजकर्ता | Discoverer:* कॉनराड एल्वे / Conrad Elvehjem
*साल | Year:* 1937

5. *विटामिन B6 (पाइरिडोक्सिन) / Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)*

*खोजकर्ता | Discoverer:* पॉल ग्योर्गी / Paul György
*साल | Year:* 1934

6. *विटामिन B12 (कोबालामिन) / Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)*

*खोजकर्ता | Discoverer:* डोरोथी हॉजकिन / Dorothy Hodgkin (संरचना का निर्धारण)
*साल | Year:* 1948

7. *विटामिन C (एस्कॉर्बिक एसिड) / Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)*

*खोजकर्ता | Discoverer:* अल्बर्ट सेंट ग्योर्गी / Albert Szent-Györgyi
*साल | Year:* 1928

8. *विटामिन D / Vitamin D*

*खोजकर्ता | Discoverer:* एडवर्ड मेलान्बी / Edward Mellanby
*साल | Year:* 1922

9. *विटामिन E / Vitamin E*

*खोजकर्ता | Discoverer:* हर्बर्ट इवांस और कैथरीन बिशप / Herbert Evans & Katharine Bishop
*साल | Year:* 1922

10. *विटामिन K / Vitamin K*

*खोजकर्ता | Discoverer:* हेनरिक डाम / Heinrich Dam
*साल | Year:* 1929

*✍️विश्व की प्रमुख गुप्तचर संस्थाएं / Major Intelligence Agencies of the World*

*Q1. ISI किस देश की गुप्तचर संस्था है? / ISI is the intelligence agency of which country?*
*Ans.* पाकिस्तान | Pakistan

*Q2. CIA, FBI किस देश की गुप्तचर संस्थाएं हैं? / CIA, FBI are the intelligence agencies of which country?*
*Ans.* USA

*Q3. IB, CBI किस देश की गुप्तचर संस्थाएं हैं? / IB, CBI are the intelligence agencies of which country?*
*Ans.* भारत | India

*Q4. अलमुखबरात किस देश की गुप्तचर संस्था है? / Al Mukhabarat is the intelligence agency of which country?*
*Ans.* ईराक | Iraq

*Q5. RAW किस देश की गुप्तचर संस्था है? / RAW is the intelligence agency of which country?*
*Ans.* भारत | India

*Q6. सवाक किस देश की गुप्तचर संस्था है? / SAVAK is the intelligence agency of which country?*
*Ans.* ईरान | Iran

*Q7. मुखबरात किस देश की गुप्तचर संस्था है? / Mukhabarat is the intelligence agency of which country?*
*Ans.* मिस्र | Egypt

*Q8. KGB, GRU किस देश की गुप्तचर संस्थाएं हैं? / KGB, GRU are the intelligence agencies of which country?*
*Ans.* रूस | Russia

*✍️प्रमुख देशों के राष्ट्रीय पशु (National Animals of Major Countries)*

- *ऑस्ट्रेलिया (Australia)* - कंगारू (Kangaroo)

- *भारत (India)* - बाघ (Tiger)

- *न्यूज़ीलैंड (New Zealand)* - कीवी (Kiwi)

- *कनाडा (Canada)* - बीवर (Beaver)

- *जापान (Japan)* - आईबिस (Ibis)

- *संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका (USA)* - गंजा ईगल (Bald Eagle)

- *नीदरलैंड्स (Netherlands)* - शेर (Lion)

*✍️प्रमुख समितियाँ/आयोग (Major Committees/Commissions)*

- *नानावटी आयोग (Nanavati Commission)* - गोधरा कांड (Godhra Incident)

- *लिब्रहान आयोग (Liberhan Commission)* - बाबरी मस्जिद (Babri Masjid)

- *फुकन आयोग (Fukan Commission)* - तहलका टेपकांड (Tehelka Tape Case)

- *बिचेट्टो कमिशन (Bichetto Commission)* - श्रम (Labor)

- *जैन आयोग (Jain Commission)* - राजीव गांधी हत्या (Rajiv Gandhi Assassination)

- *हंटर आयोग (Hunter Commission)* - जलियाँवाला बाग कांड (Jallianwala Bagh Incident)

- *नरसिंहम समिति (Narasimham Committee)* - वित्तीय/बैंकिंग सुधार (Financial/Banking Reforms)

- *ज्ञान प्रकाश समिति (Gyan Prakash Committee)* - चीनी चोपतला (Sugar Pricing)

- *रंगराजन समिति (Rangarajan Committee)* - भुगतान संतुलन (Balance of Payments)

- *राजा चेलैया समिति (Raja Chelliah Committee)* - कर सुधार (Tax Reforms)


- *ठक्कर आयोग (Thakkar Commission)* - इंदिरा गांधी हत्या कांड (Indira Gandhi Assassination)

- *बलवंत राय मेहता समिति (Balwant Rai Mehta Committee)* - पंचायत राजव्यवस्था (Panchayati Raj System)

- *सत्यन समिति (Satyan Committee)* - वस्त्र नीति (Textile Policy)

- *नरेश चंद्र समिति (Naresh Chandra Committee)* - एविएशन सेक्टर (Aviation Sector)

- *श्री कृष्ण आयोग (Shri Krishna Commission)* - मुंबई दंगा (1993) (Mumbai Riots (1993))

- *सरकारीया आयोग (Sarkaria Commission)* - केंद्र-राज्य संबंध (Centre-State Relations)

- *गोडगिलया समिति (Godgil Committee)* - बैंकिंग सेवा सुधार (Banking Services Reforms)

- *जानकी रमन समिति (Janaki Raman Committee)* - प्रतिभूति घोटाला (Securities Scam)

23rd JANUARY, 2025

A.) Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana


WHY IN NEWS - As of November 2024, over 4.1 crore Sukanya Samriddhi accounts have been opened under the Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao campaign, providing financial security and social empowerment to girls across India.
Background
The Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY) was launched in January 2015 as part of the Government of India's Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao campaign. The scheme aims to promote savings for the education and marriage expenses of girl children.
Details
• About the Scheme:
o A small deposit scheme exclusively for a girl child to address her education and marriage expenses.
o Managed by the Union Ministry of Finance.
• Eligibility Criteria:
o Account can be opened in the name of a girl child until she attains 10 years of age.
o Available in post offices or commercial banks.
o Only one account per girl child.
o Maximum of two accounts can be opened for two children in a family.
• Deposit Rules:
o Minimum Deposit: ₹250/year.
o Maximum Deposit: ₹1.5 lakh/year.
• Account Management:
o Managed by a guardian until the girl child reaches 18 years.
• Interest Rate:
o Currently set at 8.2% per annum.
• Withdrawal and Maturity:
o 50% withdrawal is allowed for higher education after the child turns 18.
o Premature closure permitted in case of marriage after the girl turns 18.
o The account matures after 21 years from the date of opening.
• Achievements:
o In several villages, all eligible girls up to the age of 10 have opened Sukanya Samriddhi accounts.
o Some communities have been designated as Complete Sukanya Samriddhi Grams due to 100% coverage.
This initiative exemplifies the government's efforts toward gender equality and empowerment of the girl child by ensuring their financial and social security.

 
B.) Parakram Diwas


WHY IN NEWS - January 23, 2025, marks the 128th birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, observed as Parakram Diwas or the Day of Valour since 2021 to honor his contributions to India’s freedom struggle.

Background
The government initiated Parakram Diwas to inspire citizens, particularly youth, to emulate Netaji’s courage and fortitude during adversity and foster a sense of patriotism.
Details
• Early Life and Education:
o Born in 1897 in Cuttack to an upper-class Bengali family.
o Studied at Presidency College and Scottish Church College in Kolkata.
o Cleared the Indian Civil Services (ICS) exam in 1920 but resigned in 1921, prioritizing India’s freedom struggle.
• Political Journey:
o Elected Congress President in 1938 at the Haripura session; advocated for swaraj as a "National Demand" and opposed British plans for an Indian federation.
o Re-elected in 1939, defeating Gandhi-backed candidate Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramayya, but resigned after internal conflicts.
o Formed the Forward Bloc within Congress to unite radical-left elements.
• Gandhi and Bose:
o Diverged ideologically; Gandhi emphasized non-violence and decentralization, while Bose advocated immediate action, modern technology, and a strong central government.
o Despite differences, Bose respected Gandhi and first called him the “Father of the Nation” during a radio address in 1944.
• Role in INA:
o The Indian National Army (INA) was formed in 1942, consisting of Indian PoWs captured by the Japanese.
o Bose took charge of the INA in July 1943 and launched the Delhi Chalo campaign to liberate India.
o The INA marched to the Indo-Burma border, advancing to Imphal and Kohima in 1944 before retreating.
o After World War II ended in 1945, Bose died in a plane crash under mysterious circumstances.
Netaji’s legacy as a courageous and visionary leader continues to inspire generations, and Parakram Diwas commemorates his indomitable spirit and contributions to India’s freedom struggle.
 
C.) National Health Mission (NHM)


WHY IN NEWS - Launched in 2013, the National Health Mission (NHM) integrates the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and National Urban Health Mission (NUHM), working toward achieving universal health coverage.

Background
The NHM aims to ensure equitable, affordable, and quality healthcare services that are accountable and responsive to people’s needs.
Details
• Objectives:
o Provide universal access to healthcare.
o Improve health outcomes and reduce health inequalities.
• Components and Key Initiatives:
1. Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A):
 Includes Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) and Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK) for maternal and child health.
2. Communicable Diseases Control:
 Focus on TB, malaria, leprosy, and HIV/AIDS under programs like National Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) and Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP).
3. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs):
 Screening and management of diabetes, hypertension, and cancer under the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Stroke (NPCDCS).
4. Other Areas:
 Urban Health, Health System Strengthening, and the Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) Programme.
• Implementation:
o Managed by State Governments with financial and technical support from the Central Government.
• Funding:
o Fund sharing ratio is 60:40 between the Central and State Governments.
o For Northeastern states, including Sikkim, the ratio is 90:10.
• Key Achievements:
o Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR): Declined by 83% since 1990, standing at 97 per lakh (2018-20), surpassing the global decline of 45%.
o Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR): Reduced by 75% since 1990, now at 32 per 1000 (2020), compared to the global reduction of 60%.
o Disease Elimination:
 Achieved targets for Kala Azar elimination.
 97.98% coverage in the Measles-Rubella Vaccination Campaign.
The NHM serves as a comprehensive platform to improve health indicators across India by focusing on both communicable and non-communicable diseases and strengthening healthcare systems.
 
D.) Revocation of Birthright Citizenship in the US

WHY IN NEWS - US President Donald Trump, starting his second term, has issued an executive order to revoke birthright citizenship, a move impacting children born in the US to non-citizen parents.

Background
The Indian-American community, one of the fastest-growing immigrant populations in the US, will be significantly affected if this policy comes into effect.
Details
• What is Birthright Citizenship?
o Established in 1868, birthright citizenship grants automatic US citizenship to anyone born on American soil, irrespective of the parents' citizenship or immigration status.
• Key Changes Proposed:
o Denial of US citizenship to children born in the US if at least one parent is not an American citizen.
o Effective 30 days after issuance of the executive order.
• Implications for the Indian Community:
1. Children of Indian Nationals:
 Children born to Indian parents on temporary work visas (e.g., H-1B) or those waiting for Green Cards will no longer qualify for automatic US citizenship.
 Indian students on non-immigrant visas will also face challenges in securing citizenship for their children.
2. Discouraging Indian Professionals & Students:
 Could deter Indian professionals and students from choosing the US, with many preferring immigration-friendly nations like Canada or Australia.
3. Economic Impact:
 The Indian-American community contributes significantly to the tech industry, healthcare, and education in the US. This policy could have long-term repercussions for these sectors.
4. Family Reunification:
 US-born children would lose the right to petition for their parents to immigrate to the US upon turning 21 if denied citizenship.
• Impact on “Birth Tourism”:
o The policy aims to curb "birth tourism," where individuals from countries like India and Mexico travel to the US specifically to give birth, allowing their children to claim US citizenship.