Subterranean oceans on moons of exoplanets
In our search for extraterrestrial life, we have so far mainly looked at terrestrial planets, where temperatures are between freezing and boiling point of water.
But if we take our own solar system as an example, the moons look more promising than the planets. Enceladus, Europa, and about six other satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune may have subsurface oceans.
They all live well outside the traditional habitable zone - their surface is severely frozen, but tidal interaction with their host planet warms their interior region.
In our search for extraterrestrial life, we have so far mainly looked at terrestrial planets, where temperatures are between freezing and boiling point of water.
But if we take our own solar system as an example, the moons look more promising than the planets. Enceladus, Europa, and about six other satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune may have subsurface oceans.
They all live well outside the traditional habitable zone - their surface is severely frozen, but tidal interaction with their host planet warms their interior region.
What can be seen in the Andromeda Galaxy through a telescope?
This cosmic lady is one of the most distant objects that humans can see with the naked eye. And through a telescope, it is realistic to observe several curious objects already inside the galaxy.
In small telescopes away from the city lights we can see bright satellite galaxies M 32 and M 110, dust bands, some globular star clusters and the star-forming region NGC 206.
With more powerful instruments, the structure of the galaxy is already observed as more detailed. We can see the star-like core, not only globular and scattered star clusters, but also individual stars, such as the AF Andromeda, a bright blue pulsating hypergiant.
In telescopes with a lens diameter of 500 mm or more, you will be able to see the nearest companions of Andromeda - the dwarf spheroidal galaxies Andromeda I, II and III.
This cosmic lady is one of the most distant objects that humans can see with the naked eye. And through a telescope, it is realistic to observe several curious objects already inside the galaxy.
In small telescopes away from the city lights we can see bright satellite galaxies M 32 and M 110, dust bands, some globular star clusters and the star-forming region NGC 206.
With more powerful instruments, the structure of the galaxy is already observed as more detailed. We can see the star-like core, not only globular and scattered star clusters, but also individual stars, such as the AF Andromeda, a bright blue pulsating hypergiant.
In telescopes with a lens diameter of 500 mm or more, you will be able to see the nearest companions of Andromeda - the dwarf spheroidal galaxies Andromeda I, II and III.
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Trigonometry Application in Tom and Jerry
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Metric measurement system
Strange things take place on Mercury
Mercury is one of the least explored planets in the solar system. Still, partly due to its proximity to the Sun, and partly due to the peculiarities of the planet itself (the strong attraction of the Sun and the weak attraction of Mercury).
For example, with the slightest pointing error the Hubble telescope will focus on the Sun and be knocked out by it. And spacecraft require complex maneuvers.
Nevertheless, scientists have obtained a lot of interesting data. Such as, that at some points on the surface you can watch the Sun rise and set twice 🙂
In the sky of Mercury, it describes a loop: it rises, stops, turns back and sets. Then it rises again for a long time. And then repeats the trick at sunset.
Mercury is one of the least explored planets in the solar system. Still, partly due to its proximity to the Sun, and partly due to the peculiarities of the planet itself (the strong attraction of the Sun and the weak attraction of Mercury).
For example, with the slightest pointing error the Hubble telescope will focus on the Sun and be knocked out by it. And spacecraft require complex maneuvers.
Nevertheless, scientists have obtained a lot of interesting data. Such as, that at some points on the surface you can watch the Sun rise and set twice 🙂
In the sky of Mercury, it describes a loop: it rises, stops, turns back and sets. Then it rises again for a long time. And then repeats the trick at sunset.
The most spectacular globular star clusters seen in our sky 🌌
M13 or "The Hercules Globular Cluster" is the brightest and most spectacular globular star cluster in the northern sky, as well as one of the most well-studied. Even with binoculars under good viewing conditions, you can see individual stars in the cluster.
The M2 cluster is also one of the most saturated and compact globular clusters of indescribable beauty in the constellation Aquarius. M5 is one of the largest and oldest in our Galaxy, a rich "swarm" of stars of different spectral classes.
M13 or "The Hercules Globular Cluster" is the brightest and most spectacular globular star cluster in the northern sky, as well as one of the most well-studied. Even with binoculars under good viewing conditions, you can see individual stars in the cluster.
The M2 cluster is also one of the most saturated and compact globular clusters of indescribable beauty in the constellation Aquarius. M5 is one of the largest and oldest in our Galaxy, a rich "swarm" of stars of different spectral classes.
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Global Warming 😢
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Can you imagine the speed of 2,000 kilometers per second?
Such is the average speed at which the stellar wind "blows," forming a magnificent corona around the star. But beauty, as we know, requires sacrifice: the stronger the wind and the more attractive the crown, the faster the star fades. Until it disappears altogether.
The fact is that, physically, the stellar wind is the ejection of a star's matter into the surrounding space. Hot stars lose mass relatively quickly and live 1-10 million years. Cooler stars lose a minimum of mass to the stellar wind, and this loss has almost no effect on their evolution.
Such is the average speed at which the stellar wind "blows," forming a magnificent corona around the star. But beauty, as we know, requires sacrifice: the stronger the wind and the more attractive the crown, the faster the star fades. Until it disappears altogether.
The fact is that, physically, the stellar wind is the ejection of a star's matter into the surrounding space. Hot stars lose mass relatively quickly and live 1-10 million years. Cooler stars lose a minimum of mass to the stellar wind, and this loss has almost no effect on their evolution.
How Many Constellations are There in the Sky?
The Egyptians had their own, highly complex system of the starry sky and about 55 constellations. Ancient Chinese astronomy was also original and distinguished 51 constellations.
The European system is based on the ancient Greek system, but has undergone lots of changes over the centuries. The fact that the official list of constellations was approved only in 1922, and until then, astronomers imagined as they could, and what not to place in the poor sky.
Nowadays, 88 constellations are officially recognized.
The Egyptians had their own, highly complex system of the starry sky and about 55 constellations. Ancient Chinese astronomy was also original and distinguished 51 constellations.
The European system is based on the ancient Greek system, but has undergone lots of changes over the centuries. The fact that the official list of constellations was approved only in 1922, and until then, astronomers imagined as they could, and what not to place in the poor sky.
Nowadays, 88 constellations are officially recognized.