HEAT TREATMENT
- Tempering --- Tempering consists of reheating the quenched material to a temperature below the austenitic range, holding the material at temperature for a specified period of time, and then cooling at a specified rate. The purpose of tempering is to improve the toughness and ductility of the quenched material. It does this by causing the brittle, hard martensite to dissociate into ferrite and iron carbide. The resulting structure, called "tempered martensite", is not lamellar like pearlite, but contains many fine particles of carbide dispersed throughout the ferrite. This gives the material the optimum combination of strength, toughness, and ductility. Tempering will reduce the strength of a material from that found in the as-quenched condition, it will considerable improve toughness and ductility while still maintaining a higher strength level than could be attained in the normalized condition . The final properties attained will be dependent on the tempering temperature and the holding time at temperature. In some alloy steels, such as 410 stainless steel, there is a possibility that not all of the austenite will transform during the quenching operation. There may be pockets of austenite that are quite happy with the status quo and have no intention of altering their life-style merely because some metallurgist pours water or oil on them. This austenite that failed to transform during the quench is referred to as "retained austenite " and can be quite troublesome. So , after the quenching operation, we now have a material that consists of newly formed martensite interspersed with pockets of retained austenite. In order to improve ductility and toughness, we must temper the material so that the brittle martensite will dissociate into ferrite and carbide. During this tempering cycle, some of the retained austenite may decide that being martensite isn't so bad after all and go ahead and transform . This fickleness on the part of the retained austenite causes complications because now , after tempering, our material has a structure consisting of strong, but ductile, tempered martensite and pockets of fresh martensite (transformed from the retained austenite) that are hard and brittle. We are going to have to retemper the material in order to eliminate the pockets of fresh martensite. This is why a "double temper" is called out in our material specifications for 410 stainless steel.
- Tempering --- Tempering consists of reheating the quenched material to a temperature below the austenitic range, holding the material at temperature for a specified period of time, and then cooling at a specified rate. The purpose of tempering is to improve the toughness and ductility of the quenched material. It does this by causing the brittle, hard martensite to dissociate into ferrite and iron carbide. The resulting structure, called "tempered martensite", is not lamellar like pearlite, but contains many fine particles of carbide dispersed throughout the ferrite. This gives the material the optimum combination of strength, toughness, and ductility. Tempering will reduce the strength of a material from that found in the as-quenched condition, it will considerable improve toughness and ductility while still maintaining a higher strength level than could be attained in the normalized condition . The final properties attained will be dependent on the tempering temperature and the holding time at temperature. In some alloy steels, such as 410 stainless steel, there is a possibility that not all of the austenite will transform during the quenching operation. There may be pockets of austenite that are quite happy with the status quo and have no intention of altering their life-style merely because some metallurgist pours water or oil on them. This austenite that failed to transform during the quench is referred to as "retained austenite " and can be quite troublesome. So , after the quenching operation, we now have a material that consists of newly formed martensite interspersed with pockets of retained austenite. In order to improve ductility and toughness, we must temper the material so that the brittle martensite will dissociate into ferrite and carbide. During this tempering cycle, some of the retained austenite may decide that being martensite isn't so bad after all and go ahead and transform . This fickleness on the part of the retained austenite causes complications because now , after tempering, our material has a structure consisting of strong, but ductile, tempered martensite and pockets of fresh martensite (transformed from the retained austenite) that are hard and brittle. We are going to have to retemper the material in order to eliminate the pockets of fresh martensite. This is why a "double temper" is called out in our material specifications for 410 stainless steel.
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🚩 رسمياً:
بداية امتحانات الفصل الدراسي الثاني في الجامعات السورية...
نتمنى التوفيق والنجاح لجميع الطلاب المتقدمين وطلاب الهندسة الميكانيكية خصوصاً ❤️🔥❤️🔥
في اي جامعة تدرس ؟؟ وهل بدأت امتحاناتك ؟؟
??
🚩 Officially:
The beginning of the second semester exams in Syrian universities...
We wish success to all applicants and mechanical engineering students in particular ❤️🔥❤️🔥
which university do you study in ?? Have you started your exams??
بداية امتحانات الفصل الدراسي الثاني في الجامعات السورية...
نتمنى التوفيق والنجاح لجميع الطلاب المتقدمين وطلاب الهندسة الميكانيكية خصوصاً ❤️🔥❤️🔥
في اي جامعة تدرس ؟؟ وهل بدأت امتحاناتك ؟؟
??
🚩 Officially:
The beginning of the second semester exams in Syrian universities...
We wish success to all applicants and mechanical engineering students in particular ❤️🔥❤️🔥
which university do you study in ?? Have you started your exams??
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