https://drive.google.com/drive/mobile/folders/0B1CphvNl8KsceGxtOVBWMmJBaTg?usp=drive_open
هذه تفريغات لدكتورة داليا في جزيئة GIT 1+2، مفيدة هلبا.
هذه تفريغات لدكتورة داليا في جزيئة GIT 1+2، مفيدة هلبا.
https://drive.google.com/drive/mobile/folders/0B1CphvNl8KscXzVZMTU1anp0RVU?usp=drive_open
وهذه تفريغات برضو للدكتورة داليا جزئية Urinary system، تغنيكم عن الفيديوات أو التسجيلات.
وهذه تفريغات برضو للدكتورة داليا جزئية Urinary system، تغنيكم عن الفيديوات أو التسجيلات.
وهذا رابط على الميديا فاير
https://www.mediafire.com/download/14aflf121z6sllr
https://www.mediafire.com/download/14aflf121z6sllr
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BC_243Dr_Ahmed_zaid_lecture_notes.pdf
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ملاحظات د. عبد الله بشين في المحاضرة الأولى * Regulation of Gene Ex. *
- Each cell expresses particular genes; therefore, each cell has its own morphological and functional characteristics.
- Insulin gene: found in all cells but only expressed in Beta cells of pancreas.
- Constitutive genes are expressed in all types of cells.
e.g. enzymes for glycolysis
- DNA is not converted to RNA, it is only photocopied. *used as a template to synthesize RNA*
- Proteins, RNA, carbs can't act as a template.
Except in reverse transcriptase of retroviruses which uses an RNA as a template to transcribe a DNA segment in a process called reverse transcription.
Telomerases can use RNAs to synthesize nucleotide sequences in the DNA as well.
- Types of DNA:
cDNA "Complementary DNA"
Genomic DNA (found in nucleus)
Mitochondrial DNA
- Unicellular organisms are affected faster by the external environment than multicellular organisms.
- At temperatures: 25-37 degrees Celsius, yeast will produce heat-shock proteins to adapt to the new environment.
- Operons are found in prokaryotes.
Polycistronic mRNA is found in prokaryotes.
- Monocistronic mRNA found in both.
- LacI is a constitutive gene which is continuously expressed at low* rates. (Has a weak promoter: sequence for attachment of factors is far from the consensus seq.)
- The area between the start and stop codons in the mRNA *the translated area* is known as: Open-reading frame.
- Prokaryotes don't have a nucleus, so both transcription and translation happen in the cytosol. Translation can start before transcription ends.
- In eukaryotes transcription and translation are separated both in time and location. So gene expression is a lot slower in eukaryotes.
- Post-transcriptional modification *adding CAP and Poly-A tail* happens only in eykaryotes and is another reason why Gene Ex. is slower in eukaryotes.
- Haematopoietic stem cells divide rapidly, so they express genes responsible for the cell cycle at very high rates. "Proto-oncogenes"
- Proto-oncogenes: genes expressed in haem. cells to speed up cellular proliferation.
- The mature** cell will not express these genes.
- Tumor suppressor genes: stop cellular proliferation.
- Leukemia: cells don't achieve maturity *they replicate non-stop*.
- Each cell expresses particular genes; therefore, each cell has its own morphological and functional characteristics.
- Insulin gene: found in all cells but only expressed in Beta cells of pancreas.
- Constitutive genes are expressed in all types of cells.
e.g. enzymes for glycolysis
- DNA is not converted to RNA, it is only photocopied. *used as a template to synthesize RNA*
- Proteins, RNA, carbs can't act as a template.
Except in reverse transcriptase of retroviruses which uses an RNA as a template to transcribe a DNA segment in a process called reverse transcription.
Telomerases can use RNAs to synthesize nucleotide sequences in the DNA as well.
- Types of DNA:
cDNA "Complementary DNA"
Genomic DNA (found in nucleus)
Mitochondrial DNA
- Unicellular organisms are affected faster by the external environment than multicellular organisms.
- At temperatures: 25-37 degrees Celsius, yeast will produce heat-shock proteins to adapt to the new environment.
- Operons are found in prokaryotes.
Polycistronic mRNA is found in prokaryotes.
- Monocistronic mRNA found in both.
- LacI is a constitutive gene which is continuously expressed at low* rates. (Has a weak promoter: sequence for attachment of factors is far from the consensus seq.)
- The area between the start and stop codons in the mRNA *the translated area* is known as: Open-reading frame.
- Prokaryotes don't have a nucleus, so both transcription and translation happen in the cytosol. Translation can start before transcription ends.
- In eukaryotes transcription and translation are separated both in time and location. So gene expression is a lot slower in eukaryotes.
- Post-transcriptional modification *adding CAP and Poly-A tail* happens only in eykaryotes and is another reason why Gene Ex. is slower in eukaryotes.
- Haematopoietic stem cells divide rapidly, so they express genes responsible for the cell cycle at very high rates. "Proto-oncogenes"
- Proto-oncogenes: genes expressed in haem. cells to speed up cellular proliferation.
- The mature** cell will not express these genes.
- Tumor suppressor genes: stop cellular proliferation.
- Leukemia: cells don't achieve maturity *they replicate non-stop*.
ملاحظات د. عبد الله بشين - المحاضرة الثانية * Regulation of Gene Ex. *
- Genes responsible for the synthesis of histones will be upregulated in the S phase.
- Microenvironment: the envir. that cells live in.
- 3 Types of Temporal Responses: *Gene Expression*
1- Type-A as long as the signal is present genes will be expressed.
2- Type-B signal causes expression, but expression will eventually stop even if the signal persists.
3-Type-C expression continues even if the signal is terminated.
- Most important site of regulation: Transcription.
- A cistron is a nucleotide seq. that produces 1 polypeptide chain.
- cAMP-CAP (Active) complex increases rate of transcription 1000 times. *in the presence of allolactose*
- Operons are a group of genes that are coordinately expressed and regulated.
- Lactose is an Indirect inducer.
Allolactose is a direct inducer of the Lac Operon.
- IPTG is used in genetic cloning. It replaces lactose in inducing the Lac Operon.
- A mutation in the CAP-site that prevents the binding of the cAMP-CAP results in basal rates of gene expression *
- Genes responsible for the synthesis of histones will be upregulated in the S phase.
- Microenvironment: the envir. that cells live in.
- 3 Types of Temporal Responses: *Gene Expression*
1- Type-A as long as the signal is present genes will be expressed.
2- Type-B signal causes expression, but expression will eventually stop even if the signal persists.
3-Type-C expression continues even if the signal is terminated.
- Most important site of regulation: Transcription.
- A cistron is a nucleotide seq. that produces 1 polypeptide chain.
- cAMP-CAP (Active) complex increases rate of transcription 1000 times. *in the presence of allolactose*
- Operons are a group of genes that are coordinately expressed and regulated.
- Lactose is an Indirect inducer.
Allolactose is a direct inducer of the Lac Operon.
- IPTG is used in genetic cloning. It replaces lactose in inducing the Lac Operon.
- A mutation in the CAP-site that prevents the binding of the cAMP-CAP results in basal rates of gene expression *