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Q.1. With reference to the evolution of Earth’s atmosphere and hydrosphere, consider the following statements :

1. The primordial atmosphere of Earth, mainly composed of hydrogen and helium, was lost due to solar wind activity.

2. The process of degassing released gases like water vapour and carbon dioxide from Earth's interior during its cooling phase.

3. Oceans were formed due to condensation of water vapour, and were established within 500 million years of Earth’s formation.

4. Substantial accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere began only after oceans were saturated through photosynthesis.

Q.2. With reference to the internal structure of the Earth, consider the following statements :

1. The crust is brittle and its thickness is greater beneath the oceans than under continents.

2. The lithosphere includes both the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle, and its thickness may vary from 10 to 200 km.

3. The Outer core is in solid state and is said to be responsible for earth's magnetic field.

4. The lower mantle lies beneath the asthenosphere and is in solid state.

Q.3. Consider the following :

1. Pyroclastic debris.
2. Ash and dust
3. Nitrogen compounds.
4. Sulphur compounds
5. Minor amounts of Hydrogen and Argon

Q.1. Earthquake waves get recorded in seismographs located at far off locations. However, there exist some specific areas where the waves are not reported called the shadow zone.

Consider the following statements in context with the same:

1. The seismographs located beyond 145° from epicentre, record the arrival of S- waves, but not that of P-waves.

2. The entire zone beyond 105° does not receive P-waves.

3. The shadow zone of S-waves is not only larger in extent but it is also a little over 40 per cent of the earth surface.

Q.2. Which type of volcanic eruptions have caused Deccan Trap formations ?

A. Shield
B. Flood
C. Composite
D. Caldera

Q.3.Consider the following statements :

1. P-waves (Primary waves) travel through gaseous, liquid and solid materials. whereas S-waves (Secondary waves) can travel only through solid materials.

2. P-waves (Primary waves)move faster and are the first to arrive at the surface whereas the Surface waves are the last to report on seismograph.

Q.1. With reference to earthquake waves, consider the following statements :

1. P-waves vibrate parallel to the
direction of the wave.

2. The direction of vibrations of S-waves is perpendicular to the wave direction in the vertical plane.

3. P waves create troughs and crests in the material through which they pass.

4. S waves exerts pressure on the material in the direction of the propagation creating density differences in the material leading to stretching and squeezing of the material.

Q.2.Which of the following are the evidences of the phenomenon of continental drift ?

1. The shorelines of Africa and South America facing each other have a remarkable and unmistakable match.

2. The belt of ancient rocks of 2,000 million years from Brazil coast matches with those from western Africa..

3. The occurrence of rich placer deposits of gold in the Ghana coast whereas the gold bearing veins are in Brazil.

4. The observations that Lemurs occur in India, Madagascar and Africa led some to consider a contiguous landmass "Lemuria" linking these three landmasses.