🔠 Passage 3 Science of shopping
🔠Passage 1 Rubber
🔠Passage 2 Intelligent behavior in birds
🔠 Passage 1 the growth of agriculture
🔠Passae 3 Voynich manuscript
🔠Passage 1 Caral
🔠Passage 3 When people are deaf to music
🔠Passage 2 Multitasking and the brain
🔠Passage 3 Practical learning in the classroom
🔠Passage 1 Whale goes to the court
🔠 Passage 3 Science and filmmaking
🔠Passage 1 Olive oil
🔠Passage 3 The significant role of mother tongue language in education
🔠Passage 2 Why we sleep
🔠Passage 1 Baobas of Madagascar
🔠 Passage 2 How plants talk to each other
🔠Passage 3 The art of deception
🔠Passage 1 Investing in the future

The diagram illustrates the design and operation of a modern landfill used for disposing of household waste.

Overall, the landfill is constructed in a man-made hole dug into natural rock and is protected by several layers to prevent leakage. Once it is in use, household waste is deposited into the pit, while liquid waste is collected through drainage pipes. After the landfill is full, it is sealed with clay, and gases are released through a pipe.

In the initial construction stage, a large hole is excavated in an area of natural rock. The base and sides of this hole are then covered with a layer of clay, which acts as a barrier. A synthetic lining is added on top of the clay to provide further protection. At the bottom of the landfill, drainage pipes are installed, and these are connected to a drainage tank located beneath the centre of the pit.

During the use stage, household waste is brought to the site and tipped into the landfill by trucks. As the waste accumulates inside the lined hole, liquid produced from the rubbish collects at the bottom. This waste liquid is then carried away through the drainage pipes and directed into the drainage tank, preventing it from leaking into the surrounding natural rock.

In the final stage, when the landfill has reached its capacity, it is closed and covered with a layer of clay. The waste remains sealed inside the landfill, but gases produced during decomposition are allowed to escape through a pipe. This pipe runs from the waste area to the outside of the landfill, releasing the gases safely above the surface.