Bird Sanctuary in India @SecureIAS
♻️Important inscriptions
🔲SAMUDRA GUPTA
1. Eran stone Inscription
2. Allahabad Pillar Inscription
3. Nalanda Inscription
4. Gaya Copper plate
🔲CHANDRA GUPTA II
1. Sanchi stone Inscription
2. Mehraulli Pillar Inscription
3. Udaygiri Cave Inscription I &II
🔲KUMAR GUPTA
1. Bilsad Stone Inscription
2. Mandsore stone Inscription
3. Dhandeh Copper plate
4. karmadanda Inscription
5. Mankuwar Buddha Inscription
🔲SKANDA GUPTA
1. Junagarh Inscription
2. Bitari Inscription
3. Indore Copper Plate
4. Kahaum Stone pillar Inscription
🔲BHANU GUPTA
1. Eran pillar Inscription (Evidence of Sati )
🔲VISHNU GUPTA
1. Damodar Copper Plate
🔲SAMUDRA GUPTA
1. Eran stone Inscription
2. Allahabad Pillar Inscription
3. Nalanda Inscription
4. Gaya Copper plate
🔲CHANDRA GUPTA II
1. Sanchi stone Inscription
2. Mehraulli Pillar Inscription
3. Udaygiri Cave Inscription I &II
🔲KUMAR GUPTA
1. Bilsad Stone Inscription
2. Mandsore stone Inscription
3. Dhandeh Copper plate
4. karmadanda Inscription
5. Mankuwar Buddha Inscription
🔲SKANDA GUPTA
1. Junagarh Inscription
2. Bitari Inscription
3. Indore Copper Plate
4. Kahaum Stone pillar Inscription
🔲BHANU GUPTA
1. Eran pillar Inscription (Evidence of Sati )
🔲VISHNU GUPTA
1. Damodar Copper Plate
Channel name was changed to «SecureIAS Prelims : Secure IAS Official Channel of Secure IAS»
During Quit India Movement (1942) parallel governments were established in different parts of India-
1) Ballia (Uttar Pradesh) - parallel government under leadership of Chittu Pandey.
2) Tamluk (Midnapore, West Bengal) - formation of 'Bidyut Bahinis' (lightning armies).
3) Satara (Maharashtra) - here the parallel government was called Prati Sarkar. It was established under the leadership of Y B Chavan, Nana Patil etc. Nyayadana mandals and Gandhi marriages were organised.
The parallel government of Satara ran for longer time comparatively than others.
1) Ballia (Uttar Pradesh) - parallel government under leadership of Chittu Pandey.
2) Tamluk (Midnapore, West Bengal) - formation of 'Bidyut Bahinis' (lightning armies).
3) Satara (Maharashtra) - here the parallel government was called Prati Sarkar. It was established under the leadership of Y B Chavan, Nana Patil etc. Nyayadana mandals and Gandhi marriages were organised.
The parallel government of Satara ran for longer time comparatively than others.
What is a pre-pack?
▫️A pre-pack is an agreement for the resolution of the debt of a distressed company through an agreement between secured creditors and investors instead of a public bidding process.
@secureias
▫️A pre-pack is an agreement for the resolution of the debt of a distressed company through an agreement between secured creditors and investors instead of a public bidding process.
@secureias
Ujjwala Yojana
-To distribute 50 million LPG connections to women of Below Poverty Line families
UJJAWALA
-A Comprehensive Scheme for Prevention of trafficking and Rescue, Rehabilitation and Re-integration of Victims of Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation
UJALA Scheme
-To promote efficient lighting, enhance awareness on using efficient equipment which reduce electricity bills and help preserve environment.
Join @secureias
-To distribute 50 million LPG connections to women of Below Poverty Line families
UJJAWALA
-A Comprehensive Scheme for Prevention of trafficking and Rescue, Rehabilitation and Re-integration of Victims of Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation
UJALA Scheme
-To promote efficient lighting, enhance awareness on using efficient equipment which reduce electricity bills and help preserve environment.
Join @secureias
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VEDAS literally mean, ‘to know’ & ‘source of knowledge’. There are four Vedas—Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Atharva.
Vedas have the status of #Shruti (means heard).
#Smriti (remembered) texts includes the Vedanga, Puranas, epics, Dharmashastra, & Nitishastra.
Each Veda has 4 parts, the last three of which sometimes blend into each other— the Samhita, Brahmana, Aranyaka & Upanishad
#SAMHITA
Rig Veda Samhita is a collection of 1,028 hymns arranged in 10 books.
Sama Veda consists of 1,810 verses, mostly borrowed from the Rig Veda, arranged according to the needs of musical notation.
Yajur Veda deals with the details of the performance of rituals.
Atharva Veda is the latest Veda and contains hymns, but also spells and charms which reflect aspects of popular beliefs and practices.
BRAHMANAS are prose explanations of the Samhita portions & give details and explanations of sacrificial rituals and their outcome.
#ARANAYAKAS interpret sacrificial rituals in a symbolic & philosophical way.
UPNISHADS: There are 108 Upanishads, among which 13 are considered the principal ones.
Vedas have the status of #Shruti (means heard).
#Smriti (remembered) texts includes the Vedanga, Puranas, epics, Dharmashastra, & Nitishastra.
Each Veda has 4 parts, the last three of which sometimes blend into each other— the Samhita, Brahmana, Aranyaka & Upanishad
#SAMHITA
Rig Veda Samhita is a collection of 1,028 hymns arranged in 10 books.
Sama Veda consists of 1,810 verses, mostly borrowed from the Rig Veda, arranged according to the needs of musical notation.
Yajur Veda deals with the details of the performance of rituals.
Atharva Veda is the latest Veda and contains hymns, but also spells and charms which reflect aspects of popular beliefs and practices.
BRAHMANAS are prose explanations of the Samhita portions & give details and explanations of sacrificial rituals and their outcome.
#ARANAYAKAS interpret sacrificial rituals in a symbolic & philosophical way.
UPNISHADS: There are 108 Upanishads, among which 13 are considered the principal ones.
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PURANAS means ‘old’, composed by Vyasa.
There are 18 Mahapuranas (great Puranas), and many more Upapuranas (secondary Puranas).
18 Mahapuranas includes the Vishnu, Narada, Bhagavata, Garuda, Padma, Varaha, Matsya, Kurma, Linga, Shiva, Skanda, Agni, Brahmanda, Brahmavaivarta, Markandeya, Bhavishya, Vamana, and Brahma.
The origins of the Puranas may have overlapped to some extent with the Vedas, but their composition stretched forward into the 4th– 5th centuries CE, and in some cases, even later.
Puranas are supposed to have 5 characteristics (pancha-lakshanas), i.e
1. Creation of the world (sarga);
2. Re-creation (pratisarga);
3. The periods of the various Manus ;
4.The genealogies of gods & rishis &
5. Royal dynasties, including the Suryavamshi and Chandravamshi kings, whose origin is traced to the sun and the moon.
There are 18 Mahapuranas (great Puranas), and many more Upapuranas (secondary Puranas).
18 Mahapuranas includes the Vishnu, Narada, Bhagavata, Garuda, Padma, Varaha, Matsya, Kurma, Linga, Shiva, Skanda, Agni, Brahmanda, Brahmavaivarta, Markandeya, Bhavishya, Vamana, and Brahma.
The origins of the Puranas may have overlapped to some extent with the Vedas, but their composition stretched forward into the 4th– 5th centuries CE, and in some cases, even later.
Puranas are supposed to have 5 characteristics (pancha-lakshanas), i.e
1. Creation of the world (sarga);
2. Re-creation (pratisarga);
3. The periods of the various Manus ;
4.The genealogies of gods & rishis &
5. Royal dynasties, including the Suryavamshi and Chandravamshi kings, whose origin is traced to the sun and the moon.
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42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new Directive Principles to the original list. Those DPSPs are:
1⃣ Article 39 - To secure opportunities for healthy development of children.
2⃣ Article 39A - To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor.
3⃣ Article 43A - To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries
4⃣ Article 48A - To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life.
1⃣ Article 39 - To secure opportunities for healthy development of children.
2⃣ Article 39A - To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor.
3⃣ Article 43A - To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries
4⃣ Article 48A - To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life.
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Important Indices/Reports with UNCTAD involved
1) World Investment Report,
2) e- Commerce Index
3) Commodities and Development Report,
4) Asia Pacific Trade and Investment Report (alongwith UNESCAP)
5) Digital Economy Report
6) Least developed countries Report
#Prelims
1) World Investment Report,
2) e- Commerce Index
3) Commodities and Development Report,
4) Asia Pacific Trade and Investment Report (alongwith UNESCAP)
5) Digital Economy Report
6) Least developed countries Report
#Prelims
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Question: Which of the following have species that can establish a symbiotic relationship
with other organisms?
1. Cnidarians
2. Fungi
3. Protozoa
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
with other organisms?
1. Cnidarians
2. Fungi
3. Protozoa
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
The correct answer is indeed (d) 1, 2, and 3.
All three of the mentioned groups - Cnidarians, Fungi, and Protozoa - can establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms:
1. Cnidarians: Cnidarians include creatures like corals and sea anemones. They can form mutualistic symbiotic relationships with certain types of algae (e.g., zooxanthellae). The algae live inside the tissues of the cnidarians and provide them with nutrients through photosynthesis, while the cnidarians offer protection and a stable environment for the algae.
2. Fungi: Fungi are known for forming various types of symbiotic relationships. One of the most well-known examples is mycorrhizal associations, where fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. The fungi help the plants absorb nutrients from the soil, and in return, they receive carbohydrates produced by the plants.
3. Protozoa: Protozoa are a diverse group of single-celled organisms. Some protozoa can establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms. For example, certain protozoa can live symbiotically in the guts of termites and help digest cellulose, a complex carbohydrate found in plant material.
So, all three groups have species that can establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms, making option (d) the correct answer.
All three of the mentioned groups - Cnidarians, Fungi, and Protozoa - can establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms:
1. Cnidarians: Cnidarians include creatures like corals and sea anemones. They can form mutualistic symbiotic relationships with certain types of algae (e.g., zooxanthellae). The algae live inside the tissues of the cnidarians and provide them with nutrients through photosynthesis, while the cnidarians offer protection and a stable environment for the algae.
2. Fungi: Fungi are known for forming various types of symbiotic relationships. One of the most well-known examples is mycorrhizal associations, where fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. The fungi help the plants absorb nutrients from the soil, and in return, they receive carbohydrates produced by the plants.
3. Protozoa: Protozoa are a diverse group of single-celled organisms. Some protozoa can establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms. For example, certain protozoa can live symbiotically in the guts of termites and help digest cellulose, a complex carbohydrate found in plant material.
So, all three groups have species that can establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms, making option (d) the correct answer.
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Question: Why is there a concern about copper smelting plants? @SecureIAS
1. They may release lethal quantities of carbon monoxide into the environment.
2. The copper slag can cause the leaching of some heavy metals into the environment.
3. They may release sulphur dioxide as a pollutant.
Select the correct answer using the code given below
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1,2 and 3
1. They may release lethal quantities of carbon monoxide into the environment.
2. The copper slag can cause the leaching of some heavy metals into the environment.
3. They may release sulphur dioxide as a pollutant.
Select the correct answer using the code given below
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1,2 and 3
The correct answer is (b) 2 and 3 only.
Here's an explanation for each statement:
1. They may release lethal quantities of carbon monoxide into the environment: This statement is not typically associated with copper smelting plants. Carbon monoxide is more commonly associated with incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels, such as in automobile emissions or poorly ventilated indoor spaces.
2. The copper slag can cause the leaching of some heavy metals into the environment: This is a valid concern with copper smelting plants. Copper slag contains various heavy metals, including copper itself, as well as potentially harmful substances like lead and arsenic. Improper disposal or management of copper slag can lead to the leaching of these heavy metals into the environment, contaminating soil and water.
3. They may release sulphur dioxide as a pollutant: This is another valid concern. Copper smelting involves the heating of copper ore, which can release sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the atmosphere. SO2 is a harmful air pollutant that can contribute to acid rain, respiratory problems, and environmental damage.
So, the correct answer is (b) 2 and 3 only, as these are the concerns associated with copper smelting plants.
Here's an explanation for each statement:
1. They may release lethal quantities of carbon monoxide into the environment: This statement is not typically associated with copper smelting plants. Carbon monoxide is more commonly associated with incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels, such as in automobile emissions or poorly ventilated indoor spaces.
2. The copper slag can cause the leaching of some heavy metals into the environment: This is a valid concern with copper smelting plants. Copper slag contains various heavy metals, including copper itself, as well as potentially harmful substances like lead and arsenic. Improper disposal or management of copper slag can lead to the leaching of these heavy metals into the environment, contaminating soil and water.
3. They may release sulphur dioxide as a pollutant: This is another valid concern. Copper smelting involves the heating of copper ore, which can release sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the atmosphere. SO2 is a harmful air pollutant that can contribute to acid rain, respiratory problems, and environmental damage.
So, the correct answer is (b) 2 and 3 only, as these are the concerns associated with copper smelting plants.
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The correct answer is (a) Carbon captured by oceans and coastal ecosystems. @SecureIAS
Blue carbon refers to the carbon that is captured and stored by oceans and coastal ecosystems, particularly mangroves, seagrasses, and salt marshes. These ecosystems are highly efficient at sequestering and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, helping mitigate climate change. Blue carbon is an important component of efforts to combat global warming and protect coastal environments.
Blue carbon refers to the carbon that is captured and stored by oceans and coastal ecosystems, particularly mangroves, seagrasses, and salt marshes. These ecosystems are highly efficient at sequestering and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, helping mitigate climate change. Blue carbon is an important component of efforts to combat global warming and protect coastal environments.
Brief details about Hills in INDIA by @SecureIAS
1. Nilgiri Hills, Tamil Nadu:
- Location: Part of the Western Ghats.
- Flora: Known for lush tea and coffee plantations, shola forests.
- Fauna: Home to Nilgiri Tahr, Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, and various bird species.
- Ecotone: Forms an ecotone between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, resulting in unique biodiversity.
2. Chail Hill, Himachal Pradesh:
- Location: A serene hill station.
- Flora: Dense deodar and pine forests.
- Fauna: Diverse bird species, including the cheer pheasant and kalij pheasant.
- Ecotone: Part of the Himalayan ecotone, providing habitat for several species.
3. Matheran Hill Station, Maharashtra:
- Location: Pollution-free hill station near Mumbai.
- Flora: Diverse plant species, including evergreen forests.
- Fauna: Various bird species and some reptiles.
- Ecotone: Situated in the Western Ghats, offering a transition zone for biodiversity.
4. Daringbadi Hill Station, Odisha:
- Location: Known as the "Kashmir of Odisha."
- Flora: Surrounded by pine forests and coffee plantations.
- Fauna: Variety of bird species and small mammals.
- Ecotone: Located in the Eastern Ghats, contributing to regional biodiversity.
5. Amarkantak Hill, Madhya Pradesh:
- Location: A pilgrimage town where rivers originate.
- Flora: Surrounded by lush forests and medicinal plants.
- Fauna: Home to various bird species and smaller mammals.
- Ecotone: Marks the meeting point of the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, creating a unique ecotone.
6. Barmura Hill, Tripura:
- Location: Known for its scenic beauty.
- Flora: Covered in tropical and subtropical forests.
- Fauna: Rich in avian biodiversity and unique reptiles.
- Ecotone: Located in northeastern India, connecting various ecosystems.
7. Girnar Hill, Gujarat:
- Location: Significant pilgrimage site for Hindus and Jains.
- Flora: Mix of deciduous and evergreen vegetation.
- Fauna: Known for diverse birdlife and small mammals.
- Ecotone: Part of the Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion.
8. Satmala Hill, Maharashtra:
- Location: Part of the Western Ghats.
- Flora: Features deciduous and evergreen forests.
- Fauna: Home to various bird species and small mammals.
- Ecotone: Contributes to the unique biodiversity of the Western Ghats.
9. Patkai Bum Hills, Arunachal Pradesh:
- Location: Part of the Eastern Himalayas.
- Flora: Covered in lush tropical rainforests.
- Fauna: Home to diverse wildlife, including endangered species.
- Ecotone: Connects the Indo-Burma and Himalayan ecosystems, resulting in high biodiversity.
10. Kudagu Hills, Karnataka:
- Location: Also known as Coorg, famous for coffee plantations.
- Flora: Features coffee and spice plantations, evergreen forests.
- Fauna: Ideal for birdwatching with numerous avian species.
- Ecotone: Part of the Western Ghats, contributing to the region's rich biodiversity.
These hills not only provide breathtaking landscapes but also serve as important ecological zones, supporting a wide range of plant and animal life due to their unique positioning within India's diverse ecosystems. @SecureIAS
1. Nilgiri Hills, Tamil Nadu:
- Location: Part of the Western Ghats.
- Flora: Known for lush tea and coffee plantations, shola forests.
- Fauna: Home to Nilgiri Tahr, Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, and various bird species.
- Ecotone: Forms an ecotone between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, resulting in unique biodiversity.
2. Chail Hill, Himachal Pradesh:
- Location: A serene hill station.
- Flora: Dense deodar and pine forests.
- Fauna: Diverse bird species, including the cheer pheasant and kalij pheasant.
- Ecotone: Part of the Himalayan ecotone, providing habitat for several species.
3. Matheran Hill Station, Maharashtra:
- Location: Pollution-free hill station near Mumbai.
- Flora: Diverse plant species, including evergreen forests.
- Fauna: Various bird species and some reptiles.
- Ecotone: Situated in the Western Ghats, offering a transition zone for biodiversity.
4. Daringbadi Hill Station, Odisha:
- Location: Known as the "Kashmir of Odisha."
- Flora: Surrounded by pine forests and coffee plantations.
- Fauna: Variety of bird species and small mammals.
- Ecotone: Located in the Eastern Ghats, contributing to regional biodiversity.
5. Amarkantak Hill, Madhya Pradesh:
- Location: A pilgrimage town where rivers originate.
- Flora: Surrounded by lush forests and medicinal plants.
- Fauna: Home to various bird species and smaller mammals.
- Ecotone: Marks the meeting point of the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, creating a unique ecotone.
6. Barmura Hill, Tripura:
- Location: Known for its scenic beauty.
- Flora: Covered in tropical and subtropical forests.
- Fauna: Rich in avian biodiversity and unique reptiles.
- Ecotone: Located in northeastern India, connecting various ecosystems.
7. Girnar Hill, Gujarat:
- Location: Significant pilgrimage site for Hindus and Jains.
- Flora: Mix of deciduous and evergreen vegetation.
- Fauna: Known for diverse birdlife and small mammals.
- Ecotone: Part of the Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion.
8. Satmala Hill, Maharashtra:
- Location: Part of the Western Ghats.
- Flora: Features deciduous and evergreen forests.
- Fauna: Home to various bird species and small mammals.
- Ecotone: Contributes to the unique biodiversity of the Western Ghats.
9. Patkai Bum Hills, Arunachal Pradesh:
- Location: Part of the Eastern Himalayas.
- Flora: Covered in lush tropical rainforests.
- Fauna: Home to diverse wildlife, including endangered species.
- Ecotone: Connects the Indo-Burma and Himalayan ecosystems, resulting in high biodiversity.
10. Kudagu Hills, Karnataka:
- Location: Also known as Coorg, famous for coffee plantations.
- Flora: Features coffee and spice plantations, evergreen forests.
- Fauna: Ideal for birdwatching with numerous avian species.
- Ecotone: Part of the Western Ghats, contributing to the region's rich biodiversity.
These hills not only provide breathtaking landscapes but also serve as important ecological zones, supporting a wide range of plant and animal life due to their unique positioning within India's diverse ecosystems. @SecureIAS
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