Apsaras : Devi or Hoors ??
Let's view this again by archaeological POV. Here are some researches from American Institute for Indian Studies...
Sringara Rasa or the rasa of love is often associated with Apsaras , even in Sanskrit Kavyas like Abhijnana Shakuntalam or Kadambari by Banabhatta. Love towards their husbands/Lovers or even their child and graceful moves as per described in Natya shastra shows their excellency in Nritya.
This was the description of Apsaras as per archaeology,
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Let's view this again by archaeological POV. Here are some researches from American Institute for Indian Studies...
Sringara Rasa or the rasa of love is often associated with Apsaras , even in Sanskrit Kavyas like Abhijnana Shakuntalam or Kadambari by Banabhatta. Love towards their husbands/Lovers or even their child and graceful moves as per described in Natya shastra shows their excellency in Nritya.
Here you can see the various forms of Sringara rasa :
1. Apsara as Mother
2. Apsara's graceful posture
3. Apsara in Sringara Samyoga [ Sambhoga ] and VIyoga [ Vipralambha ]
4. Apsara as skilled warrior and riding a beast , said to be the protector of temples.
5. Apsaras as Dance and music expert.
Various forms of Apsara represents different emotion and phase of life. Prem and Vatsalya are the most elite ones in the category of rasa and hence Sringara is known as RasRaja
This was the description of Apsaras as per archaeology,
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Evidences of the word " Krishna " used for Lord Sri Krishna from Pre Ashokan Maurya Period !!
Bhasa , a dramatist who is even praised by Kalidasa of Early Gupta period , is said to be one of the Legendary dramatist. He is believe to be at least of 322-184 BCE [ late mauryan period ]
He wrote 2 plays in which Lord keshav was central character :
1. Balcharita { here he is called Damodar and described his childhood as Avatar with Least Interpolations }
2. Dutavakyam { called as Vasudeva here }
Here we will have a glimpse of the name Krishna as mentioned in Balacharita...
jhandu jharni's claim is debunked that word " krishna " wasn't used for Yogeshwar before 11th century.
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Bhasa , a dramatist who is even praised by Kalidasa of Early Gupta period , is said to be one of the Legendary dramatist. He is believe to be at least of 322-184 BCE [ late mauryan period ]
He wrote 2 plays in which Lord keshav was central character :
1. Balcharita { here he is called Damodar and described his childhood as Avatar with Least Interpolations }
2. Dutavakyam { called as Vasudeva here }
Here we will have a glimpse of the name Krishna as mentioned in Balacharita...
1. In 1st anka , Sudarshan chakra calls himself : one who is gracefully situated on the finger of " Krishna ". Later It also calls him Vasudeva.
2. In 4th Anka , it is said that as soon as he saw " Krishna " who was running like a mighty Lion , Kaliya the powerful serpent bow down his head in delusion..
jhandu jharni's claim is debunked that word " krishna " wasn't used for Yogeshwar before 11th century.
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Greek-influenced statue of Gaja Lakshmi
Kuch log isme bhi Mahamaya dundhne ki nakam koshish karenge 🤣
ॐ हिरण्यवर्णां हरिणीं, सुवर्णरजतस्त्रजाम् ।
चन्द्रां हिरण्मयीं लक्ष्मीं, जातवेदो म आ वह ।।
Jayatu Devi 🙏
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Here She is holding lotus and cornucopia, flanked by two elephants and two lions.
Found from Kashmir , around 1500 years old , Mid - late Gupta period..
Kuch log isme bhi Mahamaya dundhne ki nakam koshish karenge 🤣
ॐ हिरण्यवर्णां हरिणीं, सुवर्णरजतस्त्रजाम् ।
चन्द्रां हिरण्मयीं लक्ष्मीं, जातवेदो म आ वह ।।
Jayatu Devi 🙏
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Late kushana and early gupta era idol of Ganapati , excavated from Shamalaji , Gujrat...
period : 3rd to 4th century CE
Source : Ancient India by Nayanjot kaur and Upinder Singh , revised edition
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period : 3rd to 4th century CE
Additionally 2 Manushalingas of Ksatrapa period [ Kushana era ] Matrika head, Kartikeya statue , 4 of the Saptamatrika figurines and Statue of Lord Veerabhadra all of Gupta period were also found from nearby Area.
Source : Ancient India by Nayanjot kaur and Upinder Singh , revised edition
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An early representation of Shri Lakshmi in her Divine form !!
You can call her Mahalakshmi here as she carries Ayudhas and also represented in a supreme divine mother form.
चन्द्रां प्रभासां यशसा ज्वलन्तीं श्रियं लोके देवजुष्टामुदाराम् ।
तां पद्मिनीमीं शरणं प्र पद्ये अलक्ष्मीर्मे नश्यतां त्वां वृणे ।।
- Shri Suktam , Rigveda
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Here she is shown with ten Ayudhas ( weapons ) and attendants , where one of her Male devotees seeks her blessings ( आशीर्वाद ) in a large bowl.
Finding and style : Chandraketugarh
Period : Shunga , 2nd - 1st
century BC,
Dimensions - 26.7 x 20 cm,
Taken from : Metropolitan Museum New York (1990.281).
You can call her Mahalakshmi here as she carries Ayudhas and also represented in a supreme divine mother form.
चन्द्रां प्रभासां यशसा ज्वलन्तीं श्रियं लोके देवजुष्टामुदाराम् ।
तां पद्मिनीमीं शरणं प्र पद्ये अलक्ष्मीर्मे नश्यतां त्वां वृणे ।।
- Shri Suktam , Rigveda
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Possibly One of the earliest representations of Shri Lakshmi in Her Goddess of Wealth/Luck ( धनलक्ष्मी/महालक्ष्मी ) form !
Place : Chandraketugarh
Timing : Shunga , 2nd Century BCE
Kept at : Private collections as well as State museum of Kolkata
आर्द्रां य करिणीं यष्टिं सुवर्णां हेममालिनीम् ।
सूर्यां हिरण्मयीं लक्ष्मीं जातवेदो म आ वह ।
- Sri suktam , Rigveda
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Place : Chandraketugarh
Timing : Shunga , 2nd Century BCE
Kept at : Private collections as well as State museum of Kolkata
From 3.190
1. Fragment of plaque with goddess on purnaghata showering coins.
2. From West Bengal State Archaeological Museum, Calcutta
3. Nimbate and enshrined goddess on a ghata in ( वरमुद्रा ) flanked by attendants and a fish standard.
4. Fragmentary plaque of enshrined goddess , State Archaeological Museum, Calcutta
5. Goddess with ten weapons, attendants and surrounded by birds and flowers. (Spink & Son Collection).
6. Goddess blessing her devotee Private Collection New York.
7. Enshrined goddess on pedestal with sacred symbols and attendants. She also has Ayudhas in her braid.
आर्द्रां य करिणीं यष्टिं सुवर्णां हेममालिनीम् ।
सूर्यां हिरण्मयीं लक्ष्मीं जातवेदो म आ वह ।
- Sri suktam , Rigveda
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