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▪️Himadri is India's first permanent Arctic research station located at Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway.
- It was inaugurated on the 1st of July, 2008 by the Minister of Earth Sciences.
- Himadri's functions include long term monitoring of the fjord (Kongsfjorden) dynamics, and atmospheric research.

▪️IndARC is India's first underwater moored observatory in the Arctic region.
- It was deployed in 2014 at Kongsfjorden fjord, Svalbard, Norway which is midway between Norway and North Pole.
-Its research goal is to study the Arctic climate and its influence on the monsoon.

▪️Maitri also known as Friendship Research Centre, is India's second permanent research station in Antarctica as part of the Indian Antarctic Programme.

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Q. Consider the following ocean currents:

1. Kuroshio Current
2. Alaska Current
3. Kuril (Oyashio) Current
4. California Current
5. Benguela Current
6. Brazilian Current

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Ocean Currents:

▪️Ocean currents are the continuous, predictable, directional movement of seawater driven by gravity, wind (Coriolis Effect), and water density.
▪️Ocean water moves in two directions: horizontally and vertically. Horizontal movements are referred to as currents, while vertical changes are called upwellings or downwellings.
▪️This abiotic system is responsible for the transfer of heat, variations in biodiversity, and Earth’s climate system.

Types of ocean currents:
▪️Cold currents: It brings cold water into warm water areas. These currents are usually found on the west coast of the continents in the low and middle latitudes (true in both hemispheres) and on the east coast in the higher latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.

▪️Warm currents: It brings warm water into cold water areas and is usually observed on the east coast of continents in the low and middle latitudes (true in both hemispheres).

▪️Examples of the ocean currents:
- North Equatorial Current - Hot or Warm
- Kuroshio Current - Warm
- North Pacific Current - Warm
- Alaskan Current - Warm
- Counter Equatorial Current - Warm
- El Nino Current - Warm
- Tsushima Current - Warm
- South Equatorial Current - Warm
- East Australian Current - Warm
- Humboldt or Peruvian Current - Cold
- Kuril or Oya shio Current - Cold
- California Current - Cold
- Antarctica Current - Cold
- Okhotsk Current - Cold
- Florida Current - Warm
- Gulf Stream - Warm
- Norwegian Current - Warm
- Irminger Current - Warm
- Rannell Current - Warm
- Antilles Current - Warm
- Brazilian Current - Warm
- Labrador Current - Cold
- Canary Current - Cold
- Eastern Greenland Current - Cold
- Benguela Current - Cold
- Antarctica Current - Cold
- Falkland Current - Cold
- Mozambique Current - Warm and Stable
- Agulhas Current - Warm and Stable
- South-West Monsoon Current - Warm and unstable
- North-East Monsoon Current - Cold and unstable
- Somali Current - Cold and unstable
- Western Australian Current - Cold and Stable
- South Indian Ocean Current - Cold

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Q. Which of the following ocean currents are found in the Indian Ocean?

1. Mozambique Current
2. Somali Current
3. Agulhas Current
4. Western Australian Current

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Indian Ocean Currents:

▪️Currents in the Indian Ocean include the following:
- The North-East Monsoon Drift
- The South West Monsoon Drift
- North Equatorial Current (Warm)
- South Equatorial Current (Warm)
- Somali Current (Cold)
- Mozambique Current (Warm)
- Madagascar Current (Warm)
- Agulhas Current (Warm)
- West Australian Current (Cold)

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Q. With reference to the Sun's energy received by the Earth, consider the following statements:

1. The insolation (incoming solar radiation) is received by the Earth in the form of long waves.
2. Terrestrial radiation is the short wave electromagnetic radiation originating from Earth and its atmosphere.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

Insolation:

▪️Insolation is the amount of solar radiation that is received by a planet. The energy received by the earth’s surface in the form of short waves is termed as Incoming Solar Radiation or Insolation. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
▪️The insolation is not constant over the surface of the Earth — it is concentrated near the equator because of the curvature of the Earth.

Terrestrial Radiation:

▪️The solar radiation received by the earth is in short wave forms and it heats up its surface. The earth acts as a radiating body and radiates energy in the form of long waves to the atmosphere. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
▪️This process is called terrestrial radiation and these long wave radiations heat up the atmosphere from below. The atmosphere in turn radiates and transmits heat to space.
▪️This maintains the constant temperature at the earth’s surface, as the amount of heat received from the sun is transmitted to space.

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