Q. With reference to the different indices of biodiversity measurement, consider the following statements:

1. Alpha Diversity refers to diversity of organisms sharing the same community.
2. Beta Diversity refers to the diversity among the different communities.
3. Gamma Diversity refers to the diversity of the habitats over the geographical area.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

All three statements are correct.

Alpha, Beta and Gamma Diversity: Biodiversity at different scales:

▪️Alpha diversity describes the species diversity within a community at a small scale or local scale, generally the size of one ecosystem. When we casually speak of diversity in an area, more often than not it refers to alpha diversity.

▪️Beta diversity describes the species diversity between two communities or ecosystems. It is at a larger scale, and looks to compare the species diversity between two separate entities that are often divided by a clear geographical barrier like a river or a mountain ridge.

▪️Gamma diversity is studied at a very large scale—a biome—where species diversity is compared between many ecosystems. It could range over areas like the entire slope of a mountain, or the entire littoral zone of a sea shore.

An example: Alpha, beta and gamma diversity across a mountain landscape

- Let’s take a mountain slope as our landscape. On this slope, there will be many different patches of forests and grasslands. Alpha diversity is the species diversity present within each forest or grassland patch of the slope. Beta diversity is represented by the species diversity between any two patches and their communities. Gamma diversity of the landscape is the species diversity along the entire range of the mountain slope.

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Alpha, Beta and Gama diversities

Q. With reference to the Ozone Hole, consider the following statements:

1. Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC) and ozone depletion have positive correlation.
2. Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC) contain water, nitric acid and sulphuric acid.
3. Polar Vortex prevent the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is correct. The Cl-catalyzed ozone depletion is dramatically gets enhanced in the presence of the Polar Stratospheric Clouds.

▪️Statement 2 is correct. Polar Stratospheric Clouds forms around 12-22km above the Earth surface. They contain water, nitric acid and sulphuric acid.

▪️Statement 3 is incorrect. Polar Stratospheric Clouds are formed mainly during the polar vortex in winter. They are more intense at south pole due its lower temperature compared to the Arctic.

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Q. With reference to the Ocean Acidification, consider the following statements:

1. Ocean Acidification reference to decline of pH of ocean water below 6.
2. Oceans are the largest carbon sinks on the Earth.
3. As all oceans are interconnected, pH levels are uniformly distributed across the oceans.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is incorrect. Ocean acidification refers to a reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period of time, caused primarily by uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. It does not meant that pH must fall below 7 or 6.

▪️Statement 2 is correct. Phytoplankton are the main reason the ocean is one of the biggest carbon sinks. These microscopic marine algae and bacteria play a huge role in the world's carbon cycle - absorbing about as much carbon as all the plants and trees on land combined.

▪️Statement 3 is incorrect. Though all oceans are interconnected, pH levels are not uniformly distributed across the oceans.
-The ocean's average pH is now around 8.1 , which is basic (or alkaline), but as the ocean continues to absorb more CO2, the pH decreases and the ocean becomes more acidic.

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Economy 25
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Economy 24
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Economy 26
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Q. With reference to an economic scenario, consider the following statements:

1. growth rate of the economy slows down
W. the level of unemployment remains steadily high
3. yet the inflation or price level remains high at the same time

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Stagflation is a term that defines a situation characterised by a simultaneous increase in prices (inflation) and stagnation of economic growth.
▪️Stagflation can also be defined as a period of inflation combined with a decline in the gross domestic product (GDP).
▪️The situation may comprise of following elements-
-growth rate of the economy slows down
-the level of unemployment remains steadily high
-yet the inflation or price level remains high at the same time.
▪️The term Stagflation was coined by Iain Macleod, a Conservative Party MP in the United Kingdom, in November 1965.

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SPR 2023: Places in News

SPR 2023: SPECIES IN NEWS

Q. With reference to the Protected Areas in India, consider the following statements:

1. As per provisions of the Wildlife Protection Act only State Governments have power to designate area as National park or wildlife sanctuary.
2. The Chief Wild Life Warden shall be the authority who shall control, manage and maintain all Protected Areas.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is incorrect. Both Central Government and State Governments can designate an area as protected area. As per Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, there are four types of protected areas. These are National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Reserve and Community Reserve.

▪️Statement 2 is correct. The Chief Wild Life Warden shall be the authority who shall control, manage and maintain all Protected Areas.

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