Q. With reference to the Biodiversity, consider the following statements:

1. Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth.
2. Biodiversity is distributed evenly on the Earth.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is correct. Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth.

▪️Biodiversity is a measure of variation at
-the genetic (genetic variability),
- species (species diversity), and
-ecosystem (ecosystem diversity) level.

▪️Statement 2 is incorrect. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth, it is usually greater in the tropics as a result of the warm climate and high primary productivity in the region near the equator.
-These tropical forest ecosystems cover less than 10% of earth's surface and contain about 90% of the world's species.
-Marine biodiversity is usually higher along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest, and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans.
-There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time, but will be likely to slow in the future as a primary result of deforestation. It encompasses the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural processes that sustain life.

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Q. With reference to the measurement of biodiversity, consider the following statements:

1. Species Richness represents the number of different species in a given habitat.
2. Species Evenness is the measure of relative abundance of different species in the area.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Species richness and species evenness are two different biodiversity indices, which influence and support the stability of an ecosystem.

▪️Statement 1 is correct. Species richness is defined as the number of different species present in a given area, region or in a particular ecosystem.

▪️Statement 2 is correct. Species evenness refers to the relative abundance of each species in a particular area and it is a measure of whether a particular ecosystem is numerically dominated by one species or is represented by a similar number of species. Species evenness compares the number of individuals between species to produce a relative abundance of each species.

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Economy 21
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Q. With reference to the different indices of biodiversity measurement, consider the following statements:

1. Alpha Diversity refers to diversity of organisms sharing the same community.
2. Beta Diversity refers to the diversity among the different communities.
3. Gamma Diversity refers to the diversity of the habitats over the geographical area.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

All three statements are correct.

Alpha, Beta and Gamma Diversity: Biodiversity at different scales:

▪️Alpha diversity describes the species diversity within a community at a small scale or local scale, generally the size of one ecosystem. When we casually speak of diversity in an area, more often than not it refers to alpha diversity.

▪️Beta diversity describes the species diversity between two communities or ecosystems. It is at a larger scale, and looks to compare the species diversity between two separate entities that are often divided by a clear geographical barrier like a river or a mountain ridge.

▪️Gamma diversity is studied at a very large scale—a biome—where species diversity is compared between many ecosystems. It could range over areas like the entire slope of a mountain, or the entire littoral zone of a sea shore.

An example: Alpha, beta and gamma diversity across a mountain landscape

- Let’s take a mountain slope as our landscape. On this slope, there will be many different patches of forests and grasslands. Alpha diversity is the species diversity present within each forest or grassland patch of the slope. Beta diversity is represented by the species diversity between any two patches and their communities. Gamma diversity of the landscape is the species diversity along the entire range of the mountain slope.

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Alpha, Beta and Gama diversities

Q. With reference to the Ozone Hole, consider the following statements:

1. Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC) and ozone depletion have positive correlation.
2. Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC) contain water, nitric acid and sulphuric acid.
3. Polar Vortex prevent the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is correct. The Cl-catalyzed ozone depletion is dramatically gets enhanced in the presence of the Polar Stratospheric Clouds.

▪️Statement 2 is correct. Polar Stratospheric Clouds forms around 12-22km above the Earth surface. They contain water, nitric acid and sulphuric acid.

▪️Statement 3 is incorrect. Polar Stratospheric Clouds are formed mainly during the polar vortex in winter. They are more intense at south pole due its lower temperature compared to the Arctic.

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Q. With reference to the Ocean Acidification, consider the following statements:

1. Ocean Acidification reference to decline of pH of ocean water below 6.
2. Oceans are the largest carbon sinks on the Earth.
3. As all oceans are interconnected, pH levels are uniformly distributed across the oceans.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is incorrect. Ocean acidification refers to a reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period of time, caused primarily by uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. It does not meant that pH must fall below 7 or 6.

▪️Statement 2 is correct. Phytoplankton are the main reason the ocean is one of the biggest carbon sinks. These microscopic marine algae and bacteria play a huge role in the world's carbon cycle - absorbing about as much carbon as all the plants and trees on land combined.

▪️Statement 3 is incorrect. Though all oceans are interconnected, pH levels are not uniformly distributed across the oceans.
-The ocean's average pH is now around 8.1 , which is basic (or alkaline), but as the ocean continues to absorb more CO2, the pH decreases and the ocean becomes more acidic.

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