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Loss of Citizenship:
▪️The Citizenship Act (1955) prescribes three ways of losing citizenshipwhether acquired under the Act or prior to it under the Constitution, viz, renunciation, termination and deprivation:

By Renunciation:
▪️Any citizen of India of full age and capacity can make a declaration renouncing his Indian citizenship. Upon the registration of that declaration, that person ceases to be a citizen of India. However, if such a declaration is made during a war in which India is engaged, its registration shall be withheld by the Central Government.
▪️Rahul does not renounced his citizenship.

By Termination:
▪️ When an Indian citizen voluntarily (consciously, knowingly and without duress, undue influence or compulsion) acquires the citizenship of another country, his Indian citizenship automatically terminates. This provision, however, does not apply during a war in which India is engaged.
▪️ This is the case for Rahul, if his application get accepted, his Indian Citizenship will be terminated automatically.

By Deprivation:
▪️It is a compulsory termination of Indian citizenship by the Central government, if:
- the citizen has obtained the citizenship by fraud:
- the citizen has shown disloyalty to the Constitution of India:
- the citizen has unlawfully traded or communicated with the enemy during a war;
- the citizen has, within five years after registration or naturalisation, been imprisoned in any country for two years; and
- the citizen has been ordinarily resident out of India for seven years continuously.

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Lab-Grown Diamonds (LGD):

▪️The Union Budget 2023–24 placed a strong emphasis on Research and Development (R&D) in order to make the Lab Grown Diamond (LGD) or synthetic diamond segment competitive in global markets and to fully realise its potential.

▪️LGD is a developing industry with significant job potential that is fueled by technology and innovation.
▪️Lab-grown diamonds are created using two different processes: high pressure, high temperature (HPHT) and chemical vapour deposition (CVD).

What Are High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) Diamonds?
▪️Natural diamond crystals were formed deep underground where conditions of extremely high pressure and high temperature were naturally found. That is why the first and the oldest technique to grow synthetic diamonds mimicked nature with high pressure and high temperature (HPHT).
▪️There are three techniques to grow HPHT diamonds: the belt press, the cubic press and the split-sphere press.
▪️The goal of each is to create an environment of high pressure and high temperature where diamond growth can occur (pressure over 1.5 million pounds per square inch and temperature above 1400 °C).
▪️Each process starts with a seed of a diamond material placed in carbon, the element all diamonds are made of and put under extremely high pressure and temperature. In these conditions, carbon melts and forms a diamond around the seed.
▪️HPHT diamonds often contain metal inclusions such as iron, nickel and cobalt because these metals are used during the growth process, and sometimes they enter the diamond crystal.

What Are Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) Diamonds?
▪️Created in the 1980s, Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) is a more recent diamond-growing technique during which a gemstone is grown from a hydrocarbon gas mixture, imitating how diamonds form in interstellar gas clouds.
▪️During the CVD process, a thin wafer of a diamond crystal is placed in a vacuum chamber and heated to 800 °C. Then the chamber is filled with a carbon-rich gas, such as methane, and gets ionized into plasma using lasers, microwaves or others. The ionization breaks the molecular bonds in the gas, and pure carbon gets deposited on the wafer of a diamond crystal (usually HPHT synthetic), growing a gemstone atom by atom, layer by layer.
▪️The CVD diamond growing process has a couple of advantages over the HPHT process. High pressure is not needed, and temperature, while high, does not need to be above 1400 °C, meaning this process is much less costly.
▪️The CVD method can produce colourless gems with no colour zoning. CVD diamonds never contain metal inclusions, but they often come with graphite or other mineral inclusions that are a result of their growth process.

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https://samajho.com/upsc/pending-bills-the-issue-of-gubernatorial-inaction-new-episode-of-tussle-between-the-governor-and-state-legislative-assembly-25th-april-2023-upsc-daily-editorial-analysis/

Pending Bills, the issue of gubernatorial inaction - new episode of tussle between the Governor and State Legislative Assembly | 25th April 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis

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Chitwan Declaration:

▪️India, Bhutan, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Nepal have explored joint actions and set future priorities for the conservation of the rhinos in Asia.
▪️This was decided at the 3rd Asian Rhino Range Countries Meeting held at Chitwan, Nepal from February 3-5.
▪️The countries have signed on Chitwan Declaration for Asian Rhinos Conservation which has agreed on collaboration focussing on six themes- protection, population management, habitat management, research monitoring and information sharing, coordination and cooperation.
▪️They have agreed to manage the populations of the Greater One‐Horned, Javan and Sumatran Rhinos with the intention of achieving at least a 3% annual growth rate in their populations through strategic actions.

Conservation in India:
▪️In line with the Chitwan Declaration, Bihar government has recently decided to increase its rhino population by 3% annually.
▪️It also decided to increase rhino-bearing areas in Valmiki Tiger Reserve (VTR) by 5% in the next 2 years.
▪️Valmiki Tiger Reserve occupies a core area of 909.86 sq km of the Valmiki Sanctuary located in the West Champaran district of Bihar.
▪️It was established as the 18th Tiger reserve in 1990 and ranked 4th in the density of the tiger population.
▪️The Rivers Gandak and Masan flow through this area.

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Sagar Parikrama Phase-III:

▪️Sagar Parikrama is an evolutionary journey envisaged in the sea across the coastal belt demonstrating solidarity with all fisherfolk, fish farmers and concerned stakeholder’s as a spirit of 75th Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav saluting our great freedom fighters, sailors, and fishers.

▪️It is an initiative of Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Government of India, and National Fisheries Development Board along with the other state departments, aiming to resolve the issues of the fishers and other stakeholders and facilitate their economic upliftment through various fisheries schemes and programs being implemented by the Government of India.

▪️During the event, certificates/sanctions related to Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada scheme, KCC& State Scheme shall be awarded to the progressive fishermen, especially coastal fishermen, fishers and fish farmers, young fishery entrepreneurs etc.

▪️Literature on PMMSY scheme, State schemes, e-shram, FIDF, KCC etc. shall be popularised through print media, electronic media, videos, digital campaign through jingles among fishers for wide publicity of schemes. A song on Sagar Parikrama in Marathi shall also be launched.

▪️The journey of Sagar Parikrama shall focus on the sustainable balance between the utilization of marine fisheries resources for the food security of the nation and livelihoods of coastal fisher communities and the protection of marine ecosystems, to bridge the gaps of fisher communities, and their expectations, development of fishing villages, upgradation and creation of infrastructure such as fishing harbours & landing centres to ensure sustainable and responsible development through an ecosystem approach.

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Annual Frontiers Report named Noise, Blazes and Mismatches:

▪️Recently, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has released its Annual Frontiers Report named Noise, Blazes and Mismatches.
▪️The document has been released 10 days ahead of the UN Environment Assembly.
▪️The Frontiers report identifies and offers solutions to three environmental issues: urban noise pollution, wildfires and phenological shifts that merit attention and action from governments and the public at large to address the triple planetary crisis of climate change, pollution and biodiversity loss.

About United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP):

▪️The UNEP is a leading global environmental authority established on 5th June 1972.
▪️It works to identify and draw attention to emerging issues of environmental concern.
▪️Functions: It sets the global environmental agenda, promotes the sustainable development within the United Nations system, and serves as an authoritative advocate for global environment protection.
▪️Major Reports: Emission Gap Report, Adaptation Gap Report, Global Environment Outlook, Frontiers, Invest into Healthy Planet.
▪️Major Campaigns: Beat Pollution, UN75, World Environment Day, Wild for Life.
▪️Headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya.

What is the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA):

▪️It is the governing body of the UN Environment Programme.
▪️It is the world’s highest-level decision-making body on the environment.
▪️It meets biennially to set priorities for global environmental policies and develop international environmental law.
▪️It was created in June 2012, during the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, also referred to as RIO+20.

Key Highlights of the Report:

▪️Urban Noise Pollution:
- The unwanted, prolonged, and high-level sounds from road traffic, railways, or leisure activities, impair human health and well-being.
- Chronic annoyance and sleep disturbance caused by traffic can result in severe heart diseases and metabolic disorders with the very young, and mostly affect the elderly and marginalised communities near busy roads.
▪️Wildfires:
- The trends towards more dangerous fire-weather conditions are likely to increase due to rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gasses and the attendant escalation of wildfire risk factors.
- Climate change can prompt extreme wildfires, generating lightning that can ignite other fires, far beyond the fire front and creating a so-called hazardous feedback loop.
- Such extreme events are disastrous for human health and the environment.
- Wildfires have also become more common in the Savannah ecosystem, which has affected over one-fourth of species in the Savannah ecosystem.
- Wildfires are also responsible for air pollution.
- According to a global study published in September 2021, there is a link between the impact of wildfire-related pollution and human deaths
- Wildfires seldom spread to humid tropical forests in the past. But these forests are now more vulnerable due to deforestation and forest fragmentation.
▪️Phenological Shifts:
- Plants and animals in terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems use temperature, day length or rainfall as cues for when to bear fruit, migrate or transform in other ways.
- However, climate change disrupts these natural rhythms as plants and animals are being pushed out of sync with their natural rhythms, leading to mismatches, such as when plants shift life cycle stages faster than herbivores.
- Phenology is the timing of recurring life cycle stages, driven by environmental forces, and how species interacting within an ecosystem respond to changing conditions.

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Q. With reference to the Biodiversity, consider the following statements:

1. Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth.
2. Biodiversity is distributed evenly on the Earth.

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▪️Statement 1 is correct. Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth.

▪️Biodiversity is a measure of variation at
-the genetic (genetic variability),
- species (species diversity), and
-ecosystem (ecosystem diversity) level.

▪️Statement 2 is incorrect. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth, it is usually greater in the tropics as a result of the warm climate and high primary productivity in the region near the equator.
-These tropical forest ecosystems cover less than 10% of earth's surface and contain about 90% of the world's species.
-Marine biodiversity is usually higher along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest, and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans.
-There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time, but will be likely to slow in the future as a primary result of deforestation. It encompasses the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural processes that sustain life.

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