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International Court of Justice (ICJ):

▪️The ICJ is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations. Hence statement 1 is correct.
▪️Its seat is at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands). Notably, it is the only UN principal organ not situated in New York. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
▪️The chief judicial organ of the UN, it is also sometimes known as the World Court.
▪️Established by the UN Charter in 1945, it began work in 1946 when it replaced the Permanent Court of International Justice which had functioned in the Peace Palace since 1922.
▪️All the 193 member states of the UN are automatically parties to the Court. Those nations that are not members of the UN may become parties to the Court’s statute with the help of the Article 93 procedure.
▪️The official languages of the ICJ are English and French.
▪️The Court is composed of 15 judges, who are elected for terms of office of nine years by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council. These organs vote simultaneously but separately.
▪️The 15 judges of the Court are distributed in following regions:
- Three from Africa.
- Two from Latin America and Caribbean.
- Three from Asia.
- Five from Western Europe and other states.
- Two from Eastern Europe.
▪️Indian Judges at the ICJ:
- Judge Dalveer Bhandari: Member of the Court since 27 April 2012
- Raghunandan Swarup Pathak: 1989-1991
Nagendra Singh: 1973-1988
- Sir Benegal Rau: 1952-1953 Hence statement 3 is not correct.

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Q. With reference to the Tuberculosis disease, consider the following statements:

1. It is an infectious disease caused by zoonotic virus - Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
2. Bedaquiline is a crucial drug in the treatment of multidrug resistant TB patients for whom the first-line drug treatment has stopped working.
3. Tuberculosis is curable as well as preventable in the most of the cases.

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Tuberculosis (TB):

▪️It is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
▪️It generally affects the lungs but can impact other parts of the body.
▪️TB is of two types:
- Latent TB: It is when the infections do not show any symptoms which is the case most of the time.
- Active TB: It is when the infections show visible symptoms such as chronic cough with blood in mucus, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
▪️TB is spread from person to person through the air which makes it highly contagious. But people with latent TB do not spread the disease.
▪️Bedaquiline is a crucial drug in the treatment of multidrug resistant TB patients for whom the first-line drug treatment has stopped working. Hence statement 2 is correct.
▪️Tuberculosis is curable as well as preventable in the most of the cases. Hence statement 3 is correct.
▪️More than 50% of cases being diagnosed were in seven countries: India (27%), China (9%), Indonesia (8%), the Philippines (6%), Pakistan (6%), Nigeria (4%), and Bangladesh (4%).
▪️India has the world’s highest tuberculosis (TB) burden, with an estimated 26 lakh people contracting the disease and approximately 4 lakh people dying from the disease every year.
▪️The WHO (World Health Organisation) has launched a joint initiative “Find. Treat. All. EndTB” with the Global Fund and Stop TB Partnership.
▪️WHO also releases the Global Tuberculosis Report.

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Q. Rahul is an Indian citizen by birth. After getting placed in an American multinational company, he applied for American citizenship. If his application for American citizenship is accepted, he will lose Indian citizenship under which of the following provisions of the Indian citizenship laws?

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Loss of Citizenship:
▪️The Citizenship Act (1955) prescribes three ways of losing citizenshipwhether acquired under the Act or prior to it under the Constitution, viz, renunciation, termination and deprivation:

By Renunciation:
▪️Any citizen of India of full age and capacity can make a declaration renouncing his Indian citizenship. Upon the registration of that declaration, that person ceases to be a citizen of India. However, if such a declaration is made during a war in which India is engaged, its registration shall be withheld by the Central Government.
▪️Rahul does not renounced his citizenship.

By Termination:
▪️ When an Indian citizen voluntarily (consciously, knowingly and without duress, undue influence or compulsion) acquires the citizenship of another country, his Indian citizenship automatically terminates. This provision, however, does not apply during a war in which India is engaged.
▪️ This is the case for Rahul, if his application get accepted, his Indian Citizenship will be terminated automatically.

By Deprivation:
▪️It is a compulsory termination of Indian citizenship by the Central government, if:
- the citizen has obtained the citizenship by fraud:
- the citizen has shown disloyalty to the Constitution of India:
- the citizen has unlawfully traded or communicated with the enemy during a war;
- the citizen has, within five years after registration or naturalisation, been imprisoned in any country for two years; and
- the citizen has been ordinarily resident out of India for seven years continuously.

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Lab-Grown Diamonds (LGD):

▪️The Union Budget 2023–24 placed a strong emphasis on Research and Development (R&D) in order to make the Lab Grown Diamond (LGD) or synthetic diamond segment competitive in global markets and to fully realise its potential.

▪️LGD is a developing industry with significant job potential that is fueled by technology and innovation.
▪️Lab-grown diamonds are created using two different processes: high pressure, high temperature (HPHT) and chemical vapour deposition (CVD).

What Are High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) Diamonds?
▪️Natural diamond crystals were formed deep underground where conditions of extremely high pressure and high temperature were naturally found. That is why the first and the oldest technique to grow synthetic diamonds mimicked nature with high pressure and high temperature (HPHT).
▪️There are three techniques to grow HPHT diamonds: the belt press, the cubic press and the split-sphere press.
▪️The goal of each is to create an environment of high pressure and high temperature where diamond growth can occur (pressure over 1.5 million pounds per square inch and temperature above 1400 °C).
▪️Each process starts with a seed of a diamond material placed in carbon, the element all diamonds are made of and put under extremely high pressure and temperature. In these conditions, carbon melts and forms a diamond around the seed.
▪️HPHT diamonds often contain metal inclusions such as iron, nickel and cobalt because these metals are used during the growth process, and sometimes they enter the diamond crystal.

What Are Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) Diamonds?
▪️Created in the 1980s, Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) is a more recent diamond-growing technique during which a gemstone is grown from a hydrocarbon gas mixture, imitating how diamonds form in interstellar gas clouds.
▪️During the CVD process, a thin wafer of a diamond crystal is placed in a vacuum chamber and heated to 800 °C. Then the chamber is filled with a carbon-rich gas, such as methane, and gets ionized into plasma using lasers, microwaves or others. The ionization breaks the molecular bonds in the gas, and pure carbon gets deposited on the wafer of a diamond crystal (usually HPHT synthetic), growing a gemstone atom by atom, layer by layer.
▪️The CVD diamond growing process has a couple of advantages over the HPHT process. High pressure is not needed, and temperature, while high, does not need to be above 1400 °C, meaning this process is much less costly.
▪️The CVD method can produce colourless gems with no colour zoning. CVD diamonds never contain metal inclusions, but they often come with graphite or other mineral inclusions that are a result of their growth process.

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https://samajho.com/upsc/pending-bills-the-issue-of-gubernatorial-inaction-new-episode-of-tussle-between-the-governor-and-state-legislative-assembly-25th-april-2023-upsc-daily-editorial-analysis/

Pending Bills, the issue of gubernatorial inaction - new episode of tussle between the Governor and State Legislative Assembly | 25th April 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis