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▪️Animal husbandry, Mining and quarrying, fishing is included in primary activities as it makes utilization of earth’s resources such as land, water, vegetation, building materials and minerals.

▪️Tertiary activities include both production and exchange. So, Exchange, involves trade, transport and communication facilities that are used to overcome distance and are included in Tertiary activities.

▪️Goods produced by exploiting natural resources come under the category of secondary activities.

▪️Activities associated with the secondary sector include metalworking and smelting, automobile production, textile production, chemical and engineering industries, aerospace manufacturing, energy utilities, engineering, breweries and bottlers, construction, and shipbuilding.

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https://samajho.com/upsc/tragic-failure-on-effects-of-climate-change-19th-april-2023-upsc-daily-editorial-analysis/

Tragic failure - On effects of climate change | 19th April 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis

Q. Which of these statements are correctly matched:

1. Shaktism - it considers as feminine and Devi or Goddess as supreme
2. Smartism - it is based on the teaching of Puranas

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Vaishnavism:
▪️Followers consider Vishnu as the Supreme Lord.
▪️The tradition has traceable roots to the 1st millennium BCE, as Bhagavatism, also called Krishnaism.
▪️The Vaishnava tradition has many sampradayas or sub-schools

Smartism:
▪️It is based on the teachings of Puranas.
▪️They believe in domestic worship of five shrines with five deities, all treated as equals: Shiva, Shakti Ganesh, Vishnu and Surya.
▪️Smartism is a sect of Hinduism that allows its followers to worship more than one god, unlike in sects like Shaivism and Vaishnavism, in which only Shiva and Vishnu are worshipped, respectively.
▪️Smartism accepts two concepts of Brahman, namely Saguna Brahman – the Brahman with attributes, and Nirguna Brahman -the Brahman without attributes.

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The Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI):

▪️The Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI) is an inclusive platform for all G20 countries, interested non-G20 countries and relevant stakeholders to carry forward work on financial inclusion, including implementation of the G20 Financial Inclusion Action Plan, endorsed at the G20 Summit in Seoul.

▪️The GPFI was officially launched on 10 December 2010 in Seoul.

▪️The GPFI is the main implementing mechanism of the endorsed action plan by G20 Leaders during the Seoul Summit and functions as an inclusive platform for G20 countries, non-G20 countries and relevant stakeholders for peer learning, knowledge sharing, policy advocacy and coordination.
It contributes to strengthen coordination and collaboration between various national, regional and international stakeholders, as called for in Action Item 6 of the G20 Financial Inclusion Action Plan.

▪️Spearheading the implementation were the three key Implementing Partners: the Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI), the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP), and the International Finance Corporation (IFC).

▪️In 2012, the World Bank Group and the SME Finance Forum joined the GPFI as Implementing Partner.
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) joined the GPFI as Implementing Partner in 2013.

▪️In 2014, The Better Than Cash Alliance and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) also joined as Implementing Partners.

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Q. With reference to the Stockholm Conference, 1972, consider the following statements:

1. It was the first global convergence on the planetary environment and natural resources.
2. The idea of the Stockholm Conference was first proposed by Sweden.

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50 years of the Stockholm Conference:

▪️“Stockholm+50: A healthy planet for the prosperity of all — our responsibility, our opportunity” was held in the year 2022 to mark the 50 years of the Stockholm Conference ( Report of United Nations Conference on the Human Environment).

About Stockholm Conference, 1972:

▪️This was the first global convergence on the planetary environment and natural resources. Hence statement 1 is correct.

▪️Also termed the “Swedish Initiative”, the idea of the Stockholm Conference was first proposed by Sweden. Hence statement 2 is correct.

▪️The theme was ‘Only One Earth’.
Stockholm Declaration: To build the “interconnections between development, poverty and the environment”.

▪️Three Dimensions of the Conference:

▪️Countries agreed to not “harm each other’s environment or the areas beyond national jurisdiction”.
▪️An action plan to study the threat to Earth’s environment.
▪️Establishment of an international body called the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) to bring cooperation among countries.
Significance:

▪️The Stockholm Conference of 1972 put environmental issues on the global agenda for the first time.
No country had an environment ministry until 1972.
Today, over 176 countries have environmental framework laws.

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Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary:

▪️The Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary (or the Changthang Cold Desert Wildlife Sanctuary) is a high altitude wildlife sanctuary located in the Ladakhi adjunct of the Changthang plateau in the Leh District of the union territory of Ladakh.
▪️It is important as one of the few places in India with a population of the Kiang or Tibetan Wild Ass, as well as the rare Black-necked Crane.
▪️Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary covers an area of 4000 km2. (Wildlife Department Ladakh).

Fauna:
▪️Apart from its location and the spectacular landscape that Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary is renowned for, it’s also home to an incredible variety of wildlife. The major attraction however, is the snow leopard. It’s interesting to know that Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the few places in India which is the home of the Kiang or Tibetan wild ass along with the Dark-necked crane.
Apart from the snow leopard, the other rare animals found here are Tibetan wolf, wild yak, bharal, brown bear and the mormot, which seems to be present everywhere. Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary also boats a wide variety of avifauna. Around 44 types of water birds and seasonal species of migratory birds are also found here.

Flora:
▪️Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary is home to almost 200 species of wild plants that grow in the higher pastures and are food for the animals inside the sanctuary. You will rarely come across vegetation in this sanctuary, however, certain rare and endangered plant species with medicinal properties are found here.

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Q. With reference to Article 20 of the Constitution of India, consider the following statements:

1. Only civil laws can be applied retrospectively.
2. The protection against self-incrimination extends to both criminal and civil proceedings.

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Article 20 dealing with Protection in respect of Conviction of offences has three provisions :

▪️No ex-post-facto law: No person shall be (i) convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act, nor (ii) subjected to a penalty greater than that prescribed by the law in force at the time of the commission of the act.
▪️An ex-post-facto law is one that imposes penalties retrospectively (retroactively), that is, upon acts already done or which increases the penalties for such acts.
▪️However, this limitation is imposed only on criminal laws and not on civil laws or tax laws. In other words, civil liability or a tax can be imposed retrospectively. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

▪️No double jeopardy: No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.
The protection against double jeopardy is available only in proceedings before a court of law or a judicial tribunal.
In other words, it is not available in proceedings before departmental or administrative authorities as they are not of judicial nature.

▪️No self-incrimination: No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
▪️The protection against self-incrimination extends to both oral evidence and documentary evidence.
▪️Further, it extends only to criminal proceedings and not to civil proceedings or proceedings which are not of criminal nature. Hence statement 2 is not correct.

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