Layers of Atmosphere

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Thermosphere:

▪️The thermosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the mesosphere and below the exosphere. It extends from about 90 km (56 miles) to between 500 and 1,000 km (311 to 621 miles) above our planet.

▪️Temperatures climb sharply in the lower thermosphere (below 200 to 300 km altitude), then level off and hold fairly steady with increasing altitude above that height. Solar activity strongly influences temperature in the thermosphere. The thermosphere is typically about 200° C (360° F) hotter in the daytime than at night, and roughly 500° C (900° F) hotter when the Sun is very active than at other times. Temperatures in the upper thermosphere can range from about 500° C (932° F) to 2,000° C (3,632° F) or higher.

▪️The boundary between the thermosphere and the exosphere above it is called the thermopause. At the bottom of the thermosphere is the mesopause, the boundary between the thermosphere and the mesosphere below.

▪️Although the thermosphere is considered part of Earth's atmosphere, the air density is so low in this layer that most of the thermosphere is what we normally think of as outer space. In fact, the most common definition says that space begins at an altitude of 100 km (62 miles), slightly above the mesopause at the bottom of the thermosphere. The space shuttle and the International Space Station both orbit Earth within the thermosphere!

▪️Ionosphere is a part of this layer. It extends between 80-400 km. This layer helps in radio transmission. In fact, radio waves transmitted from the earth are reflected back to the earth by this layer.

▪️Finally, the aurora (the Southern and Northern Lights) primarily occur in the thermosphere. Charged particles (electrons, protons, and other ions) from space collide with atoms and molecules in the thermosphere at high latitudes, exciting them into higher energy states. Those atoms and molecules shed this excess energy by emitting photons of light, which we see as colorful auroral displays.

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Q. With reference to the local winds across the Earth, consider the following statements:

1. Chinook is the hot and dry wind that blows along the Rockies mountain.
2. Foehn is the cold and dry wind that blows along the Alps mountain.
3. Harmattan also known as Doctor is the warm and dry local wind.

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Local winds:

▪️The Local Winds are basically originated due to Convection from daytime heating; Unequal heating and cooling of the surface; and Gravity, including downdrafts

Chinook:
▪️Chinook is Foehn-like winds that blow down the west slopes of the Rockies in the United States and Canada. It benefits farmers east of the Rockies because it keeps the grasslands free of snow for the majority of the winter. Hence statement 1 is correct.

Foehn (or) Fohn:
▪️Foehn is a hot breeze with local significance in the Alps. Hence statement 2 is not correct.

A strong, gusty, dry, and warm wind blows on the leeward side of a mountain range. Because the windward side takes away any moisture in the entering wind in the form of orographic precipitation, the air that descends on the leeward side is dry and heated (Katabatic Wind).

▪️Harmattan or the Doctor wind is an Easterly or North-Easterly wind that blows in West Africa in Tropic of Cancer. It blows from the Sahara Desert over West Africa into the Gulf of Guinea. It is called Doctor Wind as due to its excessive dryness it kills the pests, germs, etc. Hence statement 3 is correct.

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https://samajho.com/upsc/a-culture-of-cohesion-to-save-young-lives-on-campuses-on-the-rising-trend-of-suicides-in-higher-education-institutes-in-india-18th-april-2023-upsc-daily-editorial-analysis/

A culture of cohesion to save young lives on campuses - On the rising trend of suicides in higher education institutes in India | 18th April 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis

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▪️Badland topography is a major feature of the Chambal valley is characterized by an undulating floodplain, gullies and ravines. Ravines are a type of fluvial erosional feature and are formed as a result of constant vertical erosion by streams and rivers flowing over semi-arid and arid regions.

▪️Badland topography is a major feature of the Chambal valley is characterized by an undulating floodplain, gullies and ravines.

▪️Ravines are a type of fluvial erosional feature and are formed as a result of constant vertical erosion by streams and rivers flowing over semi-arid and arid regions.

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Q. With reference to the electoral reforms implemented in recent years, consider the following statements:

1. If the number of votes polled for the None of the Above (NOTA) option is more than that polled for any candidate, then the polls are re-conducted.
2. The political parties cannot receive more than ₹2,000 as cash donations from an individual at a time.
3. Corporate contributions to political parties cannot be more than 7.5 per cent of the net profit of a company’s past three financial years.
4. Foreigners can contribute funds to the political parties by purchasing electoral bonds.

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▪️Statement 1 is incorrect. Even if the number of electors opting for None of the Above (NOTA) option is more than the number of votes polled by any of the candidates, the polls are not re-conducted. And the candidate who secures the largest number of votes has to be declared elected.

▪️Statement 2 is correct. In the 2017 budget, the limit for anonymous cash donations by any individual to a political party has been lowered from ₹20,000 to ₹2,000. However, they are not required to inform the Election Commission of India of the details of persons who donate under ₹2,000.

▪️Statement 3 is incorrect. In the 2017 budget, the limit on corporate contributions of 7.5 per cent of the net profit of a company’s past three financial years has been removed. Further, the obligation of the company to report such donations in its profit and loss account has also been lifted.

▪️Statement 4 is incorrect. An electoral bond is like a promissory note that can be bought by any Indian citizen or company incorporated in India from select branches of the State Bank of India. The citizen or corporate can then donate the same to any eligible political party of his/her choice. The electoral bonds may be purchased by a citizen of India or entities incorporated or established in India. It is not an instrument for foreign political funding.

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Q. Which of the following activities comes under the definition of secondary sector?

1. Animal husbandry
2. Mining and quarrying
3. Transport sector
4. Textile industry
5. Fishing

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▪️Animal husbandry, Mining and quarrying, fishing is included in primary activities as it makes utilization of earth’s resources such as land, water, vegetation, building materials and minerals.

▪️Tertiary activities include both production and exchange. So, Exchange, involves trade, transport and communication facilities that are used to overcome distance and are included in Tertiary activities.

▪️Goods produced by exploiting natural resources come under the category of secondary activities.

▪️Activities associated with the secondary sector include metalworking and smelting, automobile production, textile production, chemical and engineering industries, aerospace manufacturing, energy utilities, engineering, breweries and bottlers, construction, and shipbuilding.

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https://samajho.com/upsc/tragic-failure-on-effects-of-climate-change-19th-april-2023-upsc-daily-editorial-analysis/

Tragic failure - On effects of climate change | 19th April 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis

Q. Which of these statements are correctly matched:

1. Shaktism - it considers as feminine and Devi or Goddess as supreme
2. Smartism - it is based on the teaching of Puranas

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Vaishnavism:
▪️Followers consider Vishnu as the Supreme Lord.
▪️The tradition has traceable roots to the 1st millennium BCE, as Bhagavatism, also called Krishnaism.
▪️The Vaishnava tradition has many sampradayas or sub-schools

Smartism:
▪️It is based on the teachings of Puranas.
▪️They believe in domestic worship of five shrines with five deities, all treated as equals: Shiva, Shakti Ganesh, Vishnu and Surya.
▪️Smartism is a sect of Hinduism that allows its followers to worship more than one god, unlike in sects like Shaivism and Vaishnavism, in which only Shiva and Vishnu are worshipped, respectively.
▪️Smartism accepts two concepts of Brahman, namely Saguna Brahman – the Brahman with attributes, and Nirguna Brahman -the Brahman without attributes.

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Economy 4
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Economy 5
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