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First Movers Coalition (FMC):

▪️Recently, India joined the First Movers Coalition to decarbonise carbon-heavy sectors.

▪️It is led by the World Economic Forum and the US government.

▪️The FMC was launched by US President Joe Biden in 2021. He launched it at the Climate Change Conference held in Glasgow. Hence statement 1 is correct.

▪️The aim of the coalition is to create a robust market for clean energy technologies. Hence statement 2 is correct.

▪️The FMC aims to aid high-emitting industries like aviation, steel, shipping, and chemicals to decarbonize. This is to be achieved by leveraging their purchasing power.

▪️India, Japan, Norway, Italy, and Sweden. UK, USA, Singapore, Germany, Denmark. Canada joined the coalition in 2023. Apart from these countries, 60 other multinational companies are also part of FMC. Hence statement 3 is correct.

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BIND Scheme:

▪️The Cabinet on 4th January 2023 approved the “Broadcast Infrastructure Network Development (BIND)” Scheme with an outlay of Rs. 2539.61 Cr for modernization, upgradation, and expansion of All India Radio and Doordarshan for the five-year period ending 2025-26.

▪️The plan includes priority projects of AIR and Doordarshan with a focus on expansion and strengthening of the FM radio Network and Mobile TV Production facilities amounting to Rs. 950 Cr which are to be completed on fast-track mode.

▪️The plan aims at major upgradation to create better infrastructure and widen the public broadcaster’s reach in LWE, border, and strategic areas.

▪️The development of high-quality content for both domestic and international audiences, and the availability of diverse content by upgrading the capacity of the DTH platform to accommodate more channels will expand the choice available to the audience.

▪️The plan also aims at the expansion of the FM network primarily in tier-II & tier-III cities with a focus on LWE and aspirational districts.

▪️Amongst the twin verticals of Prasar Bharati, AIR serves its listeners in the country through 501 AIR Broadcasting Centers with 653 AIR Transmitters (122 Medium Wave, 7 Short Wave, and 524 FM Transmitters) giving World Services, Neighbourhood Services, 43 Vividh Bharati Channels, 25 Rainbow Channels, and 4 FM Gold Channels.

▪️Doordarshan serves its viewers with 66 Doordarshan Kendra producing 36 DD Channels, disseminating through various delivery platforms such as Cable, DTH, IPTV “NewsOnAIR” mobile app, various YouTube Channels, and with its international channel DD India having a global presence in 190+ countries on various platforms.

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Economy 1
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Economy 2
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Economy 3
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Q. Consider the following statements with reference to the one specific layer of the Atmosphere:

1. In this layer temperature rises dramatically, reaching upto 4500°F.
2. This layer protects the Earth from meteors and obsolete satellites.
3. This layer also helps in the long distance communication.

Layers of Atmosphere

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

Thermosphere:

▪️The thermosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the mesosphere and below the exosphere. It extends from about 90 km (56 miles) to between 500 and 1,000 km (311 to 621 miles) above our planet.

▪️Temperatures climb sharply in the lower thermosphere (below 200 to 300 km altitude), then level off and hold fairly steady with increasing altitude above that height. Solar activity strongly influences temperature in the thermosphere. The thermosphere is typically about 200° C (360° F) hotter in the daytime than at night, and roughly 500° C (900° F) hotter when the Sun is very active than at other times. Temperatures in the upper thermosphere can range from about 500° C (932° F) to 2,000° C (3,632° F) or higher.

▪️The boundary between the thermosphere and the exosphere above it is called the thermopause. At the bottom of the thermosphere is the mesopause, the boundary between the thermosphere and the mesosphere below.

▪️Although the thermosphere is considered part of Earth's atmosphere, the air density is so low in this layer that most of the thermosphere is what we normally think of as outer space. In fact, the most common definition says that space begins at an altitude of 100 km (62 miles), slightly above the mesopause at the bottom of the thermosphere. The space shuttle and the International Space Station both orbit Earth within the thermosphere!

▪️Ionosphere is a part of this layer. It extends between 80-400 km. This layer helps in radio transmission. In fact, radio waves transmitted from the earth are reflected back to the earth by this layer.

▪️Finally, the aurora (the Southern and Northern Lights) primarily occur in the thermosphere. Charged particles (electrons, protons, and other ions) from space collide with atoms and molecules in the thermosphere at high latitudes, exciting them into higher energy states. Those atoms and molecules shed this excess energy by emitting photons of light, which we see as colorful auroral displays.

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Q. With reference to the local winds across the Earth, consider the following statements:

1. Chinook is the hot and dry wind that blows along the Rockies mountain.
2. Foehn is the cold and dry wind that blows along the Alps mountain.
3. Harmattan also known as Doctor is the warm and dry local wind.

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Local winds:

▪️The Local Winds are basically originated due to Convection from daytime heating; Unequal heating and cooling of the surface; and Gravity, including downdrafts

Chinook:
▪️Chinook is Foehn-like winds that blow down the west slopes of the Rockies in the United States and Canada. It benefits farmers east of the Rockies because it keeps the grasslands free of snow for the majority of the winter. Hence statement 1 is correct.

Foehn (or) Fohn:
▪️Foehn is a hot breeze with local significance in the Alps. Hence statement 2 is not correct.

A strong, gusty, dry, and warm wind blows on the leeward side of a mountain range. Because the windward side takes away any moisture in the entering wind in the form of orographic precipitation, the air that descends on the leeward side is dry and heated (Katabatic Wind).

▪️Harmattan or the Doctor wind is an Easterly or North-Easterly wind that blows in West Africa in Tropic of Cancer. It blows from the Sahara Desert over West Africa into the Gulf of Guinea. It is called Doctor Wind as due to its excessive dryness it kills the pests, germs, etc. Hence statement 3 is correct.

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https://samajho.com/upsc/a-culture-of-cohesion-to-save-young-lives-on-campuses-on-the-rising-trend-of-suicides-in-higher-education-institutes-in-india-18th-april-2023-upsc-daily-editorial-analysis/

A culture of cohesion to save young lives on campuses - On the rising trend of suicides in higher education institutes in India | 18th April 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis

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▪️Badland topography is a major feature of the Chambal valley is characterized by an undulating floodplain, gullies and ravines. Ravines are a type of fluvial erosional feature and are formed as a result of constant vertical erosion by streams and rivers flowing over semi-arid and arid regions.

▪️Badland topography is a major feature of the Chambal valley is characterized by an undulating floodplain, gullies and ravines.

▪️Ravines are a type of fluvial erosional feature and are formed as a result of constant vertical erosion by streams and rivers flowing over semi-arid and arid regions.

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Q. With reference to the electoral reforms implemented in recent years, consider the following statements:

1. If the number of votes polled for the None of the Above (NOTA) option is more than that polled for any candidate, then the polls are re-conducted.
2. The political parties cannot receive more than ₹2,000 as cash donations from an individual at a time.
3. Corporate contributions to political parties cannot be more than 7.5 per cent of the net profit of a company’s past three financial years.
4. Foreigners can contribute funds to the political parties by purchasing electoral bonds.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is incorrect. Even if the number of electors opting for None of the Above (NOTA) option is more than the number of votes polled by any of the candidates, the polls are not re-conducted. And the candidate who secures the largest number of votes has to be declared elected.

▪️Statement 2 is correct. In the 2017 budget, the limit for anonymous cash donations by any individual to a political party has been lowered from ₹20,000 to ₹2,000. However, they are not required to inform the Election Commission of India of the details of persons who donate under ₹2,000.

▪️Statement 3 is incorrect. In the 2017 budget, the limit on corporate contributions of 7.5 per cent of the net profit of a company’s past three financial years has been removed. Further, the obligation of the company to report such donations in its profit and loss account has also been lifted.

▪️Statement 4 is incorrect. An electoral bond is like a promissory note that can be bought by any Indian citizen or company incorporated in India from select branches of the State Bank of India. The citizen or corporate can then donate the same to any eligible political party of his/her choice. The electoral bonds may be purchased by a citizen of India or entities incorporated or established in India. It is not an instrument for foreign political funding.

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Q. Which of the following activities comes under the definition of secondary sector?

1. Animal husbandry
2. Mining and quarrying
3. Transport sector
4. Textile industry
5. Fishing