Q. Consider the following statements regarding the Model code of conduct (MCC) in India:

1. The origins of the MCC lie in the Assembly elections of Kerala in 1960.
2. MCC is legally binding on all political parties contesting elections.
3. The MCC is operational only between the date on which the voting to the election is conducted and the date on which the results are declared.

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▪️The MCC is a set of guidelines issued by the Election Commission to regulate political parties and candidates prior to elections.

▪️It helps EC in keeping with the mandate it has been given under Article 324 of the Constitution, which gives it the power to supervise and conduct free and fair elections to the Parliament and State Legislatures.

▪️Statement 1 is correct. The origins of the MCC lie in the Assembly elections of Kerala in 1960, when the State administration prepared a ‘Code of Conduct’ for political actors.
▪️Subsequently, in the Lok Sabha elections in 1962, the ECI circulated the code to all recognized political parties and State governments and it was wholeheartedly followed.
▪️The Election Commission first effectively put to use the Model Code of Conduct in the year 1991 to ensure fair elections and a level playing field. It was in 1991 after repeated flouting of the eligibility norms and continued corruption, the EC decided to enforce the MCC more strictly.
▪️Although the MCC is not legally binding on political parties, the ECI has the authority to punish candidates for its violation. For example, some politicians and Ministers were barred from political rallies for a specified period during the 2019 Lok Sabha general elections.

▪️Statement 2 is incorrect. MCC is not legally binding. It is essentially “voluntary” and is not backed by any law. This is the reason that sometimes it is called “Moral Code of Conduct” also. Though MCC does not have any statutory backing, it has come to acquire strength in the past decades because of its strict enforcement by the EC.

▪️Statement 3 is incorrect. The MCC is operational from the date on which the election schedule is announced by Election commission and lasts until the date of result announcement.

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Q. What were the objectives of the Queen Victoria’s Proclamation (1858)?

1. To disclaim any intention to annex the Indian States.
2. To place the Indian administration under the British Crown.
3. To regulate East India Company’s trade with India.

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▪️Following the 1857 Rebellion, the East India Company's rule in India came to an end.

▪️Statement 1 is correct. Queen Victoria's Proclamation of 1 November 1858 declared that thereafter India would be governed by and in the name of the British crown through a Secretary of State.
▪️As per the Queen’s proclamation, the era of annexations and expansion had ended and the British promised to respect the dignity and rights of the native princes. The Indian states were henceforth to recognize the paramountcy of the British Crown and were to be treated as parts of a single charge It was by this proclamation that the governor-general acquired the additional title of ‘Viceroy.

▪️Statement 2 is correct. Queen Victoria's Proclamation of 1 November 1858 declared that thereafter India would be governed by and in the name of the British crown through a Secretary of State.
▪️ It declared Queen Victoria as the sovereign of British India and provided for the appointment of a Secretary of State for India (a member of the British cabinet) . The direct responsibility for the administration of the country was assumed by the British Crown and Company rule was abolished.

▪️Statement 3 is incorrect. It did not provide for the regulation of East India Company’s trade with India. The proclamation also promised equal and impartial protection under law to all Indians, besides equal opportunities in government services irrespective of race or creed. It was also promised that old Indian rights, customs and practices would be given due regard while framing and administering the law. The people of India were promised freedom of religion without interference from British officials

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The Pensilungpa Glacier:

▪️The Pensilungpa Glacier located in Ladakh’s Zanskar Valley is retreating due to increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation during winters, a recent study has found.
▪️Since 2015, the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG) at Dehradun, an autonomous body under the Department of Science and Technology, has been working on various aspects on glaciology.
▪️A team of scientists from the institute ventured to study the less explored region of the Himalayas at Zanskar in Ladakh.
▪️Zanskar is a mountain range in the union territory of Ladakh that separates Zanskar from Ladakh itself.
▪️Geologically, the Zanskar Range is part of the Tethys Himalaya, an approximately 100-km-wide synclinorium formed by strongly folded and imbricated, weakly metamorphosed sedimentary series.

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Q. With reference to geological features of India, consider the following statements:

1. The Karbi Anglong and the Meghalaya Plateau in the northeast are extensions of the Himalayan orogeny.
2. The Himalayas are formed essentially by a great complex of very ancient gneisses and granites.

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Geological features of Peninsular block of India:

▪️The Peninsular plateau is a tableland composed of the old crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rocks. It was formed due to the breaking and drifting of the Gondwana land and thus, making it a part of the oldest landmass. The plateau has broad and shallow valleys and rounded hills.

▪️The Karbi Anglong and the Meghalaya Plateau in the northeast are extensions of the Peninsular block. Hence statement 1 is not correct.

▪️The Peninsular block is formed essentially by a great complex of very ancient gneisses and granites. Hence statement 2 is not correct.

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Q. With reference to the PARAKH initiative of the government of India, consider the following statements:

1. PARAKH is India's national assessment regulator which is launched by the NITI Aayog in collaboration with the World Bank.
2. PARAKH will be responsible for conducting large-scale assessments, including the National Achievement Survey (NAS).
3. It will help to achieve the goals set by the New Education Policy.

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PARAKH:

▪️The National Council for Education Research and Training (NCERT) has released India’s first national assessment regulator, PARAKH, which will work on setting norms, standards, and guidelines for student assessment and evaluation for all recognized school boards in the country. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
▪️PARAKH stands for The Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development.
▪️ It is established within the education survey division of the NCERT.

More on the PARAKH:

▪️PARAKH has been launched as a part of the implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Hence statement 3 is correct.

▪️It has envisaged a standard-setting body to advise school boards regarding the new assessment patterns and the latest research and promote collaboration between them.

▪️PARAKH will work in three major assessment areas including large-scale assessments, school-based assessments, and examination reforms.

▪️It will work on bringing an equivalence in the recognized school boards in India in terms of the academic standards among learners.

▪️PARAKH will closely work with the state directorates of education, state, education boards, and international organizations, working in the area of assessment and evaluation.

▪️The PARAKH regulator aims to set up assessment guidelines for all boards to help remove disparities in the scores of students enrolled with different state boards.

▪️PARAKH will be responsible for conducting large-scale assessments, including the National Achievement Survey (NAS). Hence statement 2 is correct.

▪️The centre will also manage India’s participation in international assessments such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), and Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS).

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