https://samajho.com/upsc/yojana-magazine-february-2023-youth-and-sports/

Yojana Magazine: February 2023 | Youth and Sports

Q. Consider the following statements regarding Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD):

1. The polluted water has less BOD than cleaner water.
2. It is a measure of chemical and organic pollutants.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is not correct: The amount of oxygen required by bacteria to break down the organic matter present in a certain volume of a sample of water is called Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD).
▪️The amount of BOD in the water is a measure of the amount of organic material in the water, in terms of how much oxygen will be required to break it down biologically. Clean water would have a BOD value of less than 5 ppm whereas highly polluted water could have a BOD value of 17 ppm or more.

▪️Statement 2 is not correct: Many inorganic chemical pollutants that include heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, nickel etc are water-soluble and constitute an important class of pollutants. The
▪️Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BoD) is the measure of the oxygen needed to break down the organic matter and not the chemical/inorganic matter. Therefore, Chemical pollutants are not included in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BoD).

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Geography 7
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Geography 8
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Geography 9
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Q. How the Constitution of India ensures equality of all religions?

1. The government does not levy fees on religious endowments.
2. The State does not discriminate on the basis of religion in giving employment.
3. The State cannot interfere in religious matters of the people.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is incorrect. In order to ensure equality of all religions, Government does not levy tax on the religious endowment. However, it levies fee, as levying a fee is not prohibited. Fee is used to control the secular administration and not to promote any religion.

▪️Statement 2 is correct. Under the fundamental right of right to equality, Article 16 clearly guarantees that the Government will not discriminate on the basis of religion in giving employment .

▪️Statement 3 is incorrect. Freedom of religion is subject to certain limitations. The government can impose restrictions on the practice of freedom of religion in order to protect public order, morality and health. This means that the freedom of religion is not an unlimited right. The government can interfere in religious matters for rooting out certain social evils. For example, in the past, the government has taken steps banning practices like sati, bigamy or human sacrifice.

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Q. With reference to the Tribes Advisory Council, consider the following statements:

1. They can be established in all states having scheduled areas.
2. At most two-thirds of the members of the council are to be the representatives of the scheduled tribes in the state legislative assembly.
3. The Governor can direct the establishment of the council in any state having Scheduled Tribes.
4. The President makes rules regarding the number of members of the council and mode of their appointment.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is correct. The fifth Schedule provides for the establishment of a Tribes Advisory Council (TAC) in each state having scheduled areas. It shall be the duty of the Tribes Advisory Council to advise on such matters pertaining to the welfare and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes in the State as may be referred to them by the Governor.

▪️Statement 2 is incorrect. The Tribes Advisory Council is to consist of 20 members, three-fourths (and not two-thirds) of whom are to be the representatives of the scheduled tribes in the state legislative assembly. If the number of representatives of the STs in the Legislative Assembly of the State is less than the number of seats in the TAC to be filled by such representatives, the remaining seats shall be filled by other members of those Tribes.

▪️Statement 3 is incorrect. The President (and not the Governor) can establish a TAC in a State having Scheduled tribes but not Scheduled Areas therein. The TAC established will consist of not more than twenty members of whom, three-fourths shall be the representatives of the Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assembly of the State.

▪️Statement 4 is incorrect. The Governor (and not the President) may make rules prescribing or regulating the number of members of the Council, the mode of their appointment and the appointment of the Chairman of the Council and of the officers and servants thereof, the conduct of its meetings and its procedure in general; and all other incidental matters.

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Q. Consider the following statements regarding the Model code of conduct (MCC) in India:

1. The origins of the MCC lie in the Assembly elections of Kerala in 1960.
2. MCC is legally binding on all political parties contesting elections.
3. The MCC is operational only between the date on which the voting to the election is conducted and the date on which the results are declared.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️The MCC is a set of guidelines issued by the Election Commission to regulate political parties and candidates prior to elections.

▪️It helps EC in keeping with the mandate it has been given under Article 324 of the Constitution, which gives it the power to supervise and conduct free and fair elections to the Parliament and State Legislatures.

▪️Statement 1 is correct. The origins of the MCC lie in the Assembly elections of Kerala in 1960, when the State administration prepared a ‘Code of Conduct’ for political actors.
▪️Subsequently, in the Lok Sabha elections in 1962, the ECI circulated the code to all recognized political parties and State governments and it was wholeheartedly followed.
▪️The Election Commission first effectively put to use the Model Code of Conduct in the year 1991 to ensure fair elections and a level playing field. It was in 1991 after repeated flouting of the eligibility norms and continued corruption, the EC decided to enforce the MCC more strictly.
▪️Although the MCC is not legally binding on political parties, the ECI has the authority to punish candidates for its violation. For example, some politicians and Ministers were barred from political rallies for a specified period during the 2019 Lok Sabha general elections.

▪️Statement 2 is incorrect. MCC is not legally binding. It is essentially “voluntary” and is not backed by any law. This is the reason that sometimes it is called “Moral Code of Conduct” also. Though MCC does not have any statutory backing, it has come to acquire strength in the past decades because of its strict enforcement by the EC.

▪️Statement 3 is incorrect. The MCC is operational from the date on which the election schedule is announced by Election commission and lasts until the date of result announcement.

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Geography 10
#Prelims #Revision #Samajho #SPR+

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Geography 11
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Geography 12
#Prelims #Revision #Samajho #SPR+

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Q. What were the objectives of the Queen Victoria’s Proclamation (1858)?

1. To disclaim any intention to annex the Indian States.
2. To place the Indian administration under the British Crown.
3. To regulate East India Company’s trade with India.