Ancient History 14
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Ancient History 13
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Ancient History 15
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Q. With reference to the difference between Criminal law and Civil law, consider the following statements:

1. Under Civil law, a complaint against an accused can only be filed by the Government and never by an individual.
2. The burden of proving the evidence in both Civil and Criminal laws always lie on the complainant.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️In Civil law, the initiation of a case starts with the filing of a complaint by the aggrieved party (individual) against the wrongdoer, whereas in Criminal Law, the case is filed by the Government against the accused. Statement 1 is not correct.

▪️The criminal offense usually begins with First Information Report (FIR).

▪️It can be lodged by
- aggrieved person himself/herself
- Any person who is aware of the offence like an eye witness, by the accused himself, hearsay account.
- Officer in charge of police station/SHO

▪️The burden of proving the evidence in Civil Law lies on the plaintiff (complainant), whereas in Criminal Law it lies on the State. In Civil Law, the punishment is given in terms of compensation. Statement 2 is not correct.

▪️Here the wrongdoer reimburses the other party the amount of loss sustained by him as decided by the court. Whereas in Criminal Law the guilty is punished by incarceration with or without fine, or in some rarest of rare cases with the death penalty.

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Q. With reference to the removal of High court judges, consider the following statements:

1. The president can issue the removal order of a judge only after the address of the State Legislature has been presented to him in the same session.
2. The committee formed to investigate the charges should consist of the Chief Justice of a High Court.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️The judges of High Courts in India are removed by President. The president can issue the removal order only after an address by the Parliament has been presented to him in the same session for such removal.

▪️The address must be supported by a special majority of each House of Parliament (i.e., a majority of the total membership of that House and majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting). Hence statement 1 is not correct.

▪️The Constitution under Article 124(4) has provided for the impeachment of judges on the grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity but the Constitution has not given any mandate till date as to what constitutes ‘misbehaviour’ or ‘incapacity’.

▪️Thus, a judge of a high court can be removed in the same manner and on the same grounds as a judge of the Supreme Court.

▪️The committee formed to investigate the charges for removal of HC judge must consist of Chief Justice of High Court.

▪️The Speaker/Chairman constitutes a three-member committee to investigate the charges. The committee should consist of - the chief justice or a judge of the Supreme Court, chief justice of a high court, and a distinguished jurist. Hence statement 2 is correct.

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#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement a is incorrect.
Judicial review is the power of the Supreme Court to examine the constitutionality of legislative enactments and executive orders of both the Central and state governments. On examination, if they are found to be violative of the Constitution (ultra-vires), they can be declared as illegal, unconstitutional and invalid (null and void) by the Supreme Court. Consequently, they cannot be enforced by the Government.

▪️Statement b is correct.
Article 137 of the Constitution of India grants the Supreme Court the power to review any of its judgments or orders. This power is however subject to the Rules made by the Supreme Court under Article 145, as well as the provisions of any law enacted by parliament. Further, as per the Supreme Court Rules, 2013, a review Petition must be filed within 30 days from the judgment.

▪️Statement c is incorrect.
The Supreme Court has also a very wide appellate jurisdiction over all Courts and Tribunals in India. Under appellate jurisdiction, the Supreme Court can hear the cases delivered by High Court through appeal. It may, in its discretion, grant special leave to appeal under Article 136 of the Constitution from any judgment, sentence or order in any cause or matter passed or made by any Court or Tribunal in the territory of India.

▪️Statement d is incorrect.
The Indian judiciary has the power to interpret the obligation of India in international law by adjudicating domestic cases concerning issues of international law. The statement is incorrect because the judiciary has no role in reviewing any of the international treaties though the President of India can seek the opinion of the Supreme Court on any dispute arising on any treaty or agreement.

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Geography 1
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Geography 2
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Geography 3
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Q. Consider the following statements with reference to Laterite soil:

1. They are formed under conditions of high temperature and heavy rainfall.
2. They are rich in nitrogen and potash.
3. No crops can be grown in laterite soil.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is correct: Laterite soils are formed under high temperatures and heavy rainfall with alternate wet and dry periods. Heavy rainfall promotes the leaching of soil whereby lime and silica are leached away and oxides of iron and aluminium are left behind.

▪️Statement 2 is not correct: Laterite soils are rich in iron and aluminium oxides. They are poor in lime, magnesia, potash and nitrogen.

▪️Statement 3 is not correct: When manured and irrigated, laterite soil is suitable for growing tea, coffee, rubber, coconut, arecanut etc.

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Q.With reference to the global economy, consider the following statements:

1. The Extended Fund Facility is a World Bank initiative to provide concessional loans to countries for infrastructure development.
2. The Special Drawing Rights is an international reserve asset created to supplement the official reserves of countries.
3. Special Drawing Rights is a currency that can be claimed by a member country on the International Monetary Fund.
4. Reserve Tranche is the quota of currency that each member country must provide to the International Monetary Fund.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is incorrect. Extended Fund Facility is a fund created by International monetary fund (IMF) and (not the World Bank) for helping economies to address serious medium-term balance of payments problems.

▪️Statement 2 is correct. The special drawing rights (SDR) is an international reserve asset, created by the International monetary fund (IMF) in 1969 to supplement its member countries’ official reserves, and help countries meet Balance of Payment problem.
▪️SDRs can be exchanged for freely usable currencies. The value of the SDR is based on a basket of five major currencies – the US dollar, the euro, the Chinese renminbi (RMB), the Japanese yen, and the British pound sterling.

▪️Statement 3 is incorrect. The SDR is neither a currency, nor a claim on the IMF. Rather, it is a potential claim on the freely usable currencies of IMF members. Holders of SDRs can obtain these currencies in exchange for their SDRs in two ways
▪️Through the arrangement of voluntary exchanges between members.
▪️By the IMF, designates members with strong external positions, to purchase SDRs from members with weak external positions.

▪️Statement 4 is correct. Reserve tranche position (gold tranche) is the proportion of the required quota of currency that each IMF member country must provide to the IMF. Part of the quota can be withdrawn from the IMF without any interest during critical situations of a country such as the Balance of Payment (BOP) crises.

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Q. Arrange the following events in the correct chronological order:

1. Passing of Arms Act.
2. Ilbert bill controversy.
3. Formation of Indian National Association.
4. The first Delhi Durbar.