Q. With reference to the India's population growth trends, consider the following statements:

1. There are four distinct phases of population growth observed in India.
2. The decades 1951-1981 are referred to as the period of population explosion in India.
3. The decades 1921-1951 are referred to as the period of steady population growth in India.

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Stages of Population Growth:

▪️There are 4 stages of population growth in India. India accounts for 17.5% of total world population and 2.4% geographical area of the world.
▪️India ranks second in the world's most populous countries, next only to China.

Stage I (1901-1921):
- It is the period of stagnant growth of population as the growth rate was very low in this period. During 1911-21 period, India even recorded negative growth rate. In this stage, there was very high birth rate along with very high death rate.
- Poor health, lack of awareness, famines, lack of basic amenities and food scarcity were some of the reasons for high death rates during this period. The characteristics of primitive economy is represented in the first stage.

Stage II (1921-1951):
- During this period the population growth was steady. The year 1921 is considered as year of Great divide because after the year 1921, India's population never got decreased.
- During this stage, the mortality rate got reduced because of improvement in health and medical services but the birth rate remained same which lead to higher growth rate in population when compared to the first phase.

Stage III (1951-1981):
- It is the period of population explosion in the country. During this period, there was rapid fall in death rate but also witnessed high fertility rate.
- During this period, due to initiation of development programmes, there was improvement in Indian economic conditions which lead to better standards of living. This naturally increased the fertility rate because of higher affordability of the people.

Stage IV (1981 - Till now):
- From 1981 onwards, though there is high growth in population but it shows some definite signs of slowing down. It is because there is a downward trend in birth rate due to rise in mean age of marriage, use of contraceptive measures to delay conception, female education, etc.

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https://samajho.com/upsc/substance-subtext-on-india-bhutan-relations-7th-april-2023-upsc-daily-editorial-analysis/

Substance, subtext - on India-Bhutan Relations | 7th April 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis

Q. With reference to the Mining in India, consider the following statements:

1. MMDR (Mines and Minerals Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 regulates the overall mining sector in India.
2. The State Governments are the owners of minerals located within the boundary of the State concerned.

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Mining in India:

▪️India is home to 1,531 operating mines and produces 95 minerals, which includes 4 fuels, 10 metallic, 23 non-metallic, 3 atomic and 55 minor minerals (including building and other materials). Based on the geological mapping of the country, an area of 571,000 sq. km, out of a total of 3.1 mn sq.

▪️Statement 1 is correct. MMDR (Mines and Minerals Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 regulates the overall mining sector in India.

▪️Statement 2 is correct. The State Governments are the owners of minerals located within the boundary of the State concerned.
- The State Governments grant mineral concessions for all the minerals located within the boundary of the State, under the provisions of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 and Mineral Concession Rules, 1960.
- However, for minerals specified in the First Schedule to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 approval of the Central Government is necessary. Schedule I contains minerals such as coal and lignite, minerals of the “rare earths” group containing Uranium and Thorium.
- Also, the Central Government notifies certain minerals as ‘minor’ minerals from time to time for which the absolute powers for deciding on procedures of seeking applications for and granting mineral concessions, fixing rates of royalty, dead rent, and power to revise orders rest only with the State Government.

▪️MMDR Act, 1957 regulates the mining sector in India and specifies the requirement for obtaining and granting mining leases for mining operations.

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Q. Consider the following statements:

1. The Public Debt of India is classified into three categories of Union Government liabilities—internal debt, external debt and other liabilities.
2. The Reserve Bank manages the public debt of the central and the respective state public sector banks manage state governments' public debt.

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▪️The Public Debt of India is classified into three categories of Union Government liabilities—internal debt, external debt and other liabilities. Hence statement 1 is correct.

▪️Internal debt for Government of India largely consists of fixed tenure and fixed rate government papers (dated securities and treasury bills), which are issued through auctions.

▪️External debt represents loans received from foreign governments and multilateral institutions. The union government does not borrow directly from international capital markets. Its foreign currency borrowing takes place from multilateral agencies and bilateral sources, and is a part of official development assistance (ODA). At present, the Government of India does not borrow in the international capital markets.

▪️“Other” liabilities, not a part of public debt, includes other interest bearing obligations of the government, such as post office saving deposits, deposits under small savings schemes, loans raised through post office cash certificates, provident funds and certain other deposits.

▪️ The Reserve Bank manages the public debt of the central and the state governments and also acts as a banker to them under the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 (Section 20 and 21). Hence statement 2 is not correct.

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Q. With reference to the Economic Census, consider the following statements:

1. The 7th Economic Census was conducted in 2019 under the Capacity Development Scheme.
2. It was conducted by the Ministry of Finance.

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▪️Economic Census (EC) is an ongoing sub scheme under capacity development scheme of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Hence statement 2 is not correct.

▪️It is the complete count of all non-farm economic establishments located within the geographical boundary of the country.

▪️It provides disaggregated information on various operational and structural variables of all such establishments of the country. Economic Census also provides valuable insight into geographical spread/clusters of economic activities, ownership pattern, persons engaged, etc., of all economic establishments in the country.

▪️The 7th Economic Census was conducted in 2019 under the Capacity Development Scheme. Hence statement 1 is correct.

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▪️The Department of Financial Services (DFS) is mainly responsible for policy issues relating to Public Sector Banks (PSBs) and Financial Institutions including their functioning, appointment of Chairman, Managing Director and Chief Executive Officers (MD & CEOs), Executive Directors (EDs), Chairman cum Managing Directors (CMDs), legislative matters, international banking relations.

▪️Appointment of Governor/Deputy Governor of Reserve Bank of India, matters relating to National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), Agriculture Finance Corporation, Co- operative Banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and rural/agriculture credit.

▪️The Department also administers the financial inclusion programme of the government; social security schemes and other targeted schemes aimed at facilitating flow of credit; matters relating to insurance sector and performance of public sector insurance companies; administration of various Insurance Acts; matters relating to Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI), Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA), statutory body, and matters relating to pension reforms including the New Pension System (NPS), etc., and matters relating to pension reforms including the New Pension System (NPS), etc.

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