Ancient History 4
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Ancient History 5
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Ancient History 6
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Q. Which of the following are the outcomes of the Rio Earth Summit, 1992:

1. Agenda 21
3. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
4. UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
5. Forest Principles

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▪️ United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), byname Earth Summit, conference held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (June 3–14, 1992), to reconcile worldwide economic development with protection of the environment.

▪️The Earth Summit resulted in the following documents:

1. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
2. Agenda 21
3. Forest Principles

Moreover, important legally binding agreements (Rio Conventions) were opened for signature:

4. Convention on Biological Diversity
5. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

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Q. With reference to the National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC), consider the following statements:

1. It is a Central Sector Scheme.
2. NABARD is designated as the National Implementing Entity for the NAFCC .

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️The National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC) was established in August, 2015 to meet the cost of adaptation to climate change for the State and Union Territories of India that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.
▪️The projects under NAFCC prioritizes the needs that builds climate resilience in the areas identified under the SAPCC (State Action Plan on Climate Change) and the relevant Missions under NAPCC (National Action Plan on Climate Change).
▪️Statement 1 is correct. The National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC) is a Central Sector Scheme which was set up in the year 2015-16.
▪️Statement 2 is correct. Considering the existing arrangement with NABARD as National Implementing Entity (NIE) for Adaptation Fund (AF) under Kyoto Protocol and its presence across the country, NABARD has been designated as National Implementing Entity (NIE) for implementation of adaptation projects under NAFCC by Govt. of India.
- Under this arrangement, NABARD would perform roles in facilitating identification of project ideas/concepts from State Action Plan for Climate Change (SAPCC), project formulation, appraisal, sanction, disbursement of fund, monitoring & evaluation and capacity building of stakeholders including State Governments.

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Q. With reference to the Environment Protection Act, 1986, consider the following statements:

1. It was enacted in the wake of the Bhopal Gas tragedy of 1984.
2. It was enacted to achieve the principles set at the UN Conference on Human Environment, 1972.
3. Eco-sensitive zones are notified under the provisions of the Environment Protection Act of 1986.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is correct. EPA was enacted after the Bhopal Gas tragedy of 1984.

▪️Statement 2 is correct. The another motive behind the enactment of EPA was to fullfill the principles of 1972's Stockholm Declaration, also known as the UN Conference on Human Environment.

▪️Statement 3 is correct. Eco-sensitive zones or ecologically fragile areas are notified under the provisions of EPA by the Union Environment Ministry.

More on EPA, 1986:
▪️It establishes the framework for studying, planning, and implementing long-term requirements of environmental safety and laying down a system of speedy and adequate response to situations threatening the environment.’
▪️The EPA Act was enacted under Article 253 of the Indian Constitution which provides for the enactment of legislation for giving effect to international agreements.
▪️Article 48A (DPSP) of the Constitution specifies that the State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.
▪️Article 51A (FD) further provides that every citizen shall protect the environment.

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Ancient History 7
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Ancient History 8
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Ancient History 9
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Q. With reference to shapes of an age-sex pyramid, consider the following statements:

1. Bell-shaped pyramid represents the constant population.
2. Triangular shaped pyramid represents the expanding population.

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Population Pyramids:

▪️Population pyramids, also referred to as age-sex pyramids, are triangle-shaped graphics that represent age and sex characteristics within a population.

▪️Population pyramids are graphical representations of the age and sex of a population. For this reason, population pyramids are also referred to as age-sex pyramids. We refer to these graphs as pyramids because they are usually shaped like triangles, though as we will see shortly, population pyramids also take other shapes. Population pyramids usually have males on the left side and females on the right. There is also a vertical line in the middle of the graph that separates the males from the females.

▪️Types:
- Bell-shaped age pyramids are formed when the pre-reproductive and reproductive individuals are almost in equal numbers or percentages and the post-reproductive individuals are relatively fewer. Such a population is predicted to remain stable. Hence statement 1 is correct.

- Triangular shaped age pyramids are formed when the individuals in the pre-reproductive and reproductive age group are high and very less number of individuals are present in the post-reproductive age group. Such a population is predicted to grow or expand. Hence statement 2 is correct.

- Urn shaped age pyramids display low numbers or percentages of pre-reproductive individuals, maximum number of individuals in the reproductive age group and a few number of individuals in the post-reproductive age group. Such a population is said to decline.

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Population Pyramids

Q. With reference to the India's population growth trends, consider the following statements:

1. There are four distinct phases of population growth observed in India.
2. The decades 1951-1981 are referred to as the period of population explosion in India.
3. The decades 1921-1951 are referred to as the period of steady population growth in India.