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▪️Indian National Army (INA) was an armed force formed by Indian Nationalists in 1942, through the patronage of the Imperial Japanese Army.

▪️The idea of INA was first conceived in Malaya by Mohan Singh. The outbreak of the Quit India movement gave a fillip to INA.

▪️On 1st September, the first division of INA was formed with 16300 men. x But due to serious differences between the INA army led by Mohan Singh and the Japanese over the role INA was going to play, little further gain was made in its first phase.

▪️The second phase of the INA began when Subash Chandra Bose was brought to Singapore in 1943.

▪️ Bose set up the Provisional Government of free India on 21 October 1943. Hence statement 1 is not correct.

▪️The provisional government then declared war on Britain and was recognized by the axis powers and their satellites. In World War II, the three great Allied powers include Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. The three principal partners in the Axis alliance were Germany, Italy, and Japan.

▪️Subash Chandra Bose set up two INA headquarters, one in Rangoon and the other in Singapore, and INA was recognized by recruiting new civilians. Hence statement 2 is correct.

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Q. Consider the following statements with regards to All India Kisan Sabha:

1. Its first session was held along with the Faizpur session of the Congress.
2. Kisan Manifesto was finalized by the All India Kisan Sabha at the Bombay session.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️The Kisan Sabha movements started much before the formation of All India Kisan Sabha. Under the leadership of Sahajanand Saraswati who had Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS) was formed in 1929 in order to mobilize grievances of peasants against the zamindars, moneylenders, and others who were oppressing them by making attacks on their occupancy rights. Gradually the peasant movement spread all over India. All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) was formed in 1936. Swami Sahajanand Saraswati was its first president and N. G. Ranga was its general secretary.

▪️Statement 1 is not correct: At the Faizpur session in Maharashtra, the second session of the All India Kisan Congress/sabha (AIKS) held along with the Congress session. It was presided over by N.G. Ranga. The First session of AIKS was held in Lucknow in 1936. this session was greeted in person by Jawaharlal Nehru.

▪️Statement 2 is correct: Kisan Manifesto was finalized at the Bombay session by the All-India Kisan Committee.

▪️The Manifesto included:-
- demands for a 50% reduction in land revenue and rent
- A moratorium on debts o The abolition of feudal levies
- Security of tenure for tenants
- A living wage for agricultural laborers
- The recognition of peasant unions.

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Q. Which of the following are the outcomes of the Rio Earth Summit, 1992:

1. Agenda 21
3. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
4. UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
5. Forest Principles

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️ United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), byname Earth Summit, conference held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (June 3–14, 1992), to reconcile worldwide economic development with protection of the environment.

▪️The Earth Summit resulted in the following documents:

1. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
2. Agenda 21
3. Forest Principles

Moreover, important legally binding agreements (Rio Conventions) were opened for signature:

4. Convention on Biological Diversity
5. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

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Q. With reference to the National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC), consider the following statements:

1. It is a Central Sector Scheme.
2. NABARD is designated as the National Implementing Entity for the NAFCC .

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️The National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC) was established in August, 2015 to meet the cost of adaptation to climate change for the State and Union Territories of India that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.
▪️The projects under NAFCC prioritizes the needs that builds climate resilience in the areas identified under the SAPCC (State Action Plan on Climate Change) and the relevant Missions under NAPCC (National Action Plan on Climate Change).
▪️Statement 1 is correct. The National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC) is a Central Sector Scheme which was set up in the year 2015-16.
▪️Statement 2 is correct. Considering the existing arrangement with NABARD as National Implementing Entity (NIE) for Adaptation Fund (AF) under Kyoto Protocol and its presence across the country, NABARD has been designated as National Implementing Entity (NIE) for implementation of adaptation projects under NAFCC by Govt. of India.
- Under this arrangement, NABARD would perform roles in facilitating identification of project ideas/concepts from State Action Plan for Climate Change (SAPCC), project formulation, appraisal, sanction, disbursement of fund, monitoring & evaluation and capacity building of stakeholders including State Governments.

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Q. With reference to the Environment Protection Act, 1986, consider the following statements:

1. It was enacted in the wake of the Bhopal Gas tragedy of 1984.
2. It was enacted to achieve the principles set at the UN Conference on Human Environment, 1972.
3. Eco-sensitive zones are notified under the provisions of the Environment Protection Act of 1986.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is correct. EPA was enacted after the Bhopal Gas tragedy of 1984.

▪️Statement 2 is correct. The another motive behind the enactment of EPA was to fullfill the principles of 1972's Stockholm Declaration, also known as the UN Conference on Human Environment.

▪️Statement 3 is correct. Eco-sensitive zones or ecologically fragile areas are notified under the provisions of EPA by the Union Environment Ministry.

More on EPA, 1986:
▪️It establishes the framework for studying, planning, and implementing long-term requirements of environmental safety and laying down a system of speedy and adequate response to situations threatening the environment.’
▪️The EPA Act was enacted under Article 253 of the Indian Constitution which provides for the enactment of legislation for giving effect to international agreements.
▪️Article 48A (DPSP) of the Constitution specifies that the State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.
▪️Article 51A (FD) further provides that every citizen shall protect the environment.

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