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▪️Statement 1 is correct. Public interest litigation (PIL) refers to litigation undertaken to secure public interest and demonstrates the availability of justice to socially- disadvantaged parties and wasintroduced by Justice P. N. Bhagwati.

▪️Statement 2 is correct. It is a relaxation on the traditional rule of locus standi.

▪️Statement 3 is not correct. It was in the case of SP Gupta vs Union of India that the Supreme Court of India defined the term "public interest litigation" in the Indian context.

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Ancient History 1
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Ancient History 2
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Ancient History 3
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Q. Which of the following policy measures were adopted by the British Government towards the Princely States after the revolt of 1857?

1. Britishers abandoned the policy of annexing princely states.
2. Britishers to stop interfering in the day-to-day affairs of princely states.
3. The Princely States were to be completely subordinated to the British Crown.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Most of the Indian princes had not only remained loyal to the British but had actively aided the latter in suppressing the Revolt.
Moreover, the experience of the Revolt convinced the British authorities that the princely states could serve as useful allies and supporters in case of popular opposition or revolt.
The Revolt of 1857 led the British to reverse some aspects of their policy towards the Indian States.

Some of the relaxations announced by the British to the princely states were:

▪️Before 1857, the British availed every opportunity to annex princely states. This policy was now abandoned. Hence statement 1 is correct.
▪️The right of princes to adopt heirs would be respected and the integrity of their territories guaranteed against future annexation.
▪️On the other hand, some of the old policies were applied even after the revolt of 1857:
▪️Princes were made to acknowledge Britain as the paramount power at the price of their continued existence. In 1876, Queen Victoria assumed the title of the Empress of India to emphasize British sovereignty over the entire Indian subcontinent. Hence statement 3 is correct.
▪️British claimed the right to supervise the internal government of the princely states.
▪️They not only interfered in the day-to-day administration through the Residents but insisted on appointing and dismissing ministers and other high officials. Sometimes the rulers themselves were removed or deprived of their powers. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
▪️Their perpetuation was only one aspect of the British policy towards the princely state. The complete integration of princely states with British India was another aspect of British policy towards the princely states.

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Q. Consider the following statements with regard to Indian National Army (INA):

1. The provisional Government of Free India was set up by Mohan Singh in Singapore.
2. Subash Chandra Bose set up INA headquarters at Singapore and Rangoon.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Indian National Army (INA) was an armed force formed by Indian Nationalists in 1942, through the patronage of the Imperial Japanese Army.

▪️The idea of INA was first conceived in Malaya by Mohan Singh. The outbreak of the Quit India movement gave a fillip to INA.

▪️On 1st September, the first division of INA was formed with 16300 men. x But due to serious differences between the INA army led by Mohan Singh and the Japanese over the role INA was going to play, little further gain was made in its first phase.

▪️The second phase of the INA began when Subash Chandra Bose was brought to Singapore in 1943.

▪️ Bose set up the Provisional Government of free India on 21 October 1943. Hence statement 1 is not correct.

▪️The provisional government then declared war on Britain and was recognized by the axis powers and their satellites. In World War II, the three great Allied powers include Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. The three principal partners in the Axis alliance were Germany, Italy, and Japan.

▪️Subash Chandra Bose set up two INA headquarters, one in Rangoon and the other in Singapore, and INA was recognized by recruiting new civilians. Hence statement 2 is correct.

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Q. Consider the following statements with regards to All India Kisan Sabha:

1. Its first session was held along with the Faizpur session of the Congress.
2. Kisan Manifesto was finalized by the All India Kisan Sabha at the Bombay session.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️The Kisan Sabha movements started much before the formation of All India Kisan Sabha. Under the leadership of Sahajanand Saraswati who had Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS) was formed in 1929 in order to mobilize grievances of peasants against the zamindars, moneylenders, and others who were oppressing them by making attacks on their occupancy rights. Gradually the peasant movement spread all over India. All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) was formed in 1936. Swami Sahajanand Saraswati was its first president and N. G. Ranga was its general secretary.

▪️Statement 1 is not correct: At the Faizpur session in Maharashtra, the second session of the All India Kisan Congress/sabha (AIKS) held along with the Congress session. It was presided over by N.G. Ranga. The First session of AIKS was held in Lucknow in 1936. this session was greeted in person by Jawaharlal Nehru.

▪️Statement 2 is correct: Kisan Manifesto was finalized at the Bombay session by the All-India Kisan Committee.

▪️The Manifesto included:-
- demands for a 50% reduction in land revenue and rent
- A moratorium on debts o The abolition of feudal levies
- Security of tenure for tenants
- A living wage for agricultural laborers
- The recognition of peasant unions.

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Ancient History 4
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Ancient History 5
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Ancient History 6
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Q. Which of the following are the outcomes of the Rio Earth Summit, 1992:

1. Agenda 21
3. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
4. UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
5. Forest Principles

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️ United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), byname Earth Summit, conference held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (June 3–14, 1992), to reconcile worldwide economic development with protection of the environment.

▪️The Earth Summit resulted in the following documents:

1. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
2. Agenda 21
3. Forest Principles

Moreover, important legally binding agreements (Rio Conventions) were opened for signature:

4. Convention on Biological Diversity
5. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

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Q. With reference to the National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC), consider the following statements:

1. It is a Central Sector Scheme.
2. NABARD is designated as the National Implementing Entity for the NAFCC .