Q. Consider the following statements:

1. The earliest book on mathematics was Sulvasutra, written by Aryabhatta.
2. Apastamba introduced the concepts of practical geometry.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️The earliest book on mathematics was Sulvasutra written by Baudhayana in the 6th century BC.
- There is a mention of 'Pi' and even some concepts very similar to Pythagoras' theorem in the Sulvasutra.
- Pi is presently used to calculate the area and circumference of the circle.

▪️Apastamba, in the second century BC, introduced the concepts of practical geometry involving acute angles, obtuse angles and right angles.
- This knowledge of angles helped in the construction of fire altars in those times.

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https://samajho.com/upsc/human-life-above-all-opposition-of-doctors-to-the-right-to-health-30th-march-2023-upsc-daily-editorial-analysis/

Human life, above all - Opposition of doctors to the right to health | 30th March 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis

Q. Consider the following difference regarding the Nirguna and Saguna School:

1. Nirguna School are more focused on acquiring knowledge.
2. Saguna School worshipped idols and images.
3. Nirguna School thought of God as having positive and superficial attributes unlike Saguna School.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️The Bhakti saints were divided into two schools depending on the way they imagined God.

▪️One school of thought imagined God as formless with no attributes or quality.
- This school of thought is the Nirguna School.
- They are more focused on acquiring knowledge.
- They rejected the scriptures and condemned every form of idol worship.
- The prominent figures of this school of thought were Kabir, Guru Nanak and Dadu Dayal.

▪️On the other hand, the Saguna School thought of God as having a definite form, quality and positive attributes and the god manifests himself in incarnations such as Rama and Krishna.
- His spirit is to be found in the idols and images worshipped at home and in temples.
- The Saguna School emphasizes on love and devotion.
- They accept the spiritual authority of the Vedas and the need of a human Guru as mediator between God and his devotee.
- Ramanuja, Ramananda and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu belonged to this school of thought.

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Q. Consider the following statements about the Polar vortex:

1. It is a large area of high pressure and cold air surrounding the Earth’s North and South poles.
2. The polar vortex spins in the stratosphere.
3. During winter in the Northern Hemisphere, the polar vortex will become less stable, sending cold Arctic air southward over the United States.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is incorrect: The polar vortex is a large area of low pressure and cold air surrounding the Earth’s North and South poles. The term vortex refers to the counterclockwise flow of air that helps keep the colder air close to the poles.

▪️Statement 2 is correct: The polar vortex spins in the stratosphere, a layer of the atmosphere 10-48 km above the ground and above the troposphere, where most familiar weather patterns develop.

▪️Statement 3 is correct: Often during winter in the Northern Hemisphere, the polar vortex will become less stable and expand, sending cold Arctic air southward over the United States.

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Q. With reference to the World Bank & International Monetary Fund (IMF), consider the following statements:

1. While IMF aims at the expansion of international trade, the aim of World Bank is to reduce global poverty.
2. It is mandatory to be a member of World Bank to become eligible for loans by IMF.
3. While IMF lends to both member countries and private sector, World Bank only lends to the member countries.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is correct. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) primarily aims to ensure the stability of the international monetary system—the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries and their citizens to transact with each other.

▪️It aims to facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade. On the contrary, the World Bank Group primarily aims at reducing poverty, increasing shared prosperity, and promoting sustainable development. It provides financing, policy advice, and technical assistance to governments, and also focuses on strengthening the private sector in developing countries.

▪️Statement 2 is incorrect. To become a member of the World Bank, under the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) Articles of Agreement, a country must first join the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and not vice-versa.

▪️Statement 3 is incorrect. IMF loans are meant to help only member countries tackle balance of- payments problems, stabilize their economies, and restore sustainable economic growth. On the contrary, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) of the World Banks lends to the private sector while Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) encourages private companies to invest in foreign countries.

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Q. Which of the following statements is/are true about the revolutionary activities that took place in Maharashtra?

1. Vasudev Balwant Phadke organised the Ramosi peasant force to overthrow the British government in India.
2. Chaphekar brothers were inspired by the work of ‘Mitramela’.
3. Anant Laxman Kanhere assassinated Justice Jackson of Nasik court for awarding life imprisonment to Ganesh Savarkar.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️The Revolutionaries movements of the Indian national Movement are comprised of the actions of the underground revolutionary factions. The groups of revolutionaries’ movements were mainly active in Bengal, Maharashtra, the United Provinces and Punjab.

▪️Statement 1 is correct. The first of the revolutionary activities in Maharashtra was the organisation of the Ramosi Peasant Force by Vasudev Balwant Phadke in 1879, which aimed to rid the country of the British by instigating an armed revolt by disrupting communication lines. It hoped to raise funds for its activities through dacoities. It was suppressed prematurely.

▪️Statement 2 is incorrect. V.D. Savarkar established "Mitramela" in 1900 at Nasik, while Chapekar brothers killed Rand in 1897. It was Savarkar who got encouraged by the sacrifice of Chapekar brothers and established Mitramela.

▪️Statement 3 is correct. In 1908 the Police acquired objectionable documents at Savarkar's home against British government. On the basis of the documents Ganesh Savarkar was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment by Justice Jackson. This led the revolutionaries of Abhinav Bharat Society to plan killing of Justice Jackson of Nasik court. As per the plan the 17 years revolutionary - Anant Laxman Kanhere fired bullet on Jackson on 21 Dec. 1909 and killed him.

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Q. With reference to the Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS), consider the following statements:

1. It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme launched in December 1993.
2. The entire process of fund flow is now operated through the web portal.
3. Each year, MPs receive Rs. 5 crores in two instalments of Rs. 2.5 crore each.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS):

▪️Recently, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) released the Revised Guidelines on Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS)-2023.

▪️The objective of the MPLAD Scheme is to enable the Members of Parliament (MPs) to recommend works of developmental nature with emphasis on the creation of durable community assets based on locally felt needs.

▪️The revised set of guidelines aims to broaden the scope of the Scheme so as to enable the MPs to recommend developmental works as per the changing needs of the community; with an emphasis on improving the functioning, implementation and monitoring of the MPLAD scheme.

▪️ The entire process of fund flow under the revised guidelines will operate through the web portal, which will facilitate real-time monitoring, greater transparency and accountability in the system, and improved efficiency and effectiveness of the MPLAD Scheme. Hence statement 2 is correct.

More on the MPLADS:
▪️It is a Central Sector Scheme formulated by the Government of India on 23 December 1993 that enables the members of parliaments (MP) to recommend developmental work in their constituencies with an emphasis on creating durable community assets based on locally felt needs. Hence statement 1 is not correct.

▪️Each year, MPs receive Rs. 5 crores in two instalments of Rs. 2.5 crore each. Funds under MPLADS are non-lapsable. Hence statement 3 is correct.

▪️Lok Sabha MPs have to recommend the district authorities projects in their Lok Sabha constituencies, while Rajya Sabha MPs have to spend it in the state that has elected them to the House.

▪️Nominated Members of both the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha can recommend works anywhere in the country.

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Q. With reference to the National Cadet Corps (NCC), consider the following statements:

1. It was established in 1948 as an Indian military cadet corps.
2. It is a tri-services organisation open to school and college students.