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▪️The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2011 gave a constitutional status and protection to co-operative societies. Hence statement 1 is correct.
▪️In this context, it made the following three changes in the constitution:
- It made the right to form co-operative societies a fundamental right (Article 19).
- It included a new Directive Principle of State Policy on promotion of co-operative societies (Article 43-B2 ).
- It added a new Part IX-B in the Constitution which is entitled “The Co-operative Societies” (Articles 243-ZH to 243-ZT).

▪️The Supreme Court (SC) upheld a 2013 judgment of the Gujarat High Court and struck down certain provisions of the Constitution (97th Amendment) Act, 2011. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
▪️It did not strike down the portions of Part IXB of the Amendment concerning ‘Multi State Co-operative Societies (MSCS)’ due to the lack of ratification.

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Q. Which of the following are the recommendations of Sarkaria Commission:

1. Centre should consult the states before making a law on concurrent list
2. Governor should not be able to dismiss the council of ministers as long as it commands majority in state assembly
3. Use of article 356 in extreme cases and only as a last resort
4. Further strengthen the All India Services and add more services to them

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Sarkaria Commission's key recommendations are:

▪️Use of article 356 in extreme cases and only as a last resort. Hence statement 3 is correct.
▪️Further strengthen the All India Services and add more services to them. Hence statement 4 is correct.
▪️President should communicate reasons to state governments when he withholds assent to bills of state legislature.
▪️Fresh constitution of Zonal Councils to promote spirit of federalism.
▪️Centre should consult the states before making a law on concurrent list. Hence statement 1 is correct.
▪️The constitution should be amended to provide for consultation with Chief Minister in the appointment of the state governor.
▪️Governor should not be able to dismiss the council of ministers as long as it commands majority in state assembly. Hence statement 2 is correct.
▪️Governor’s term should be fixed to five years; and it should be disturbed except for some extremely compelling reasons.
▪️Steps should be taken to implement three language formula.

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Q. With reference to the Acharya Vinoba Bhave, consider the following statements:

1. He was the first Individual Satyagrahi in 1940.
2. The Bhoodan Movement was started by him in 1951.
3. Though he was a avid follower of Mahatma Gandhi, he never got an opportunity to meet him.

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Acharya Vinoba Bhave:

▪️Vinayak Narahari also known as Vinoba Bhave (11 September 1895 – 15 November 1982) was an Indian advocate of nonviolence and human rights.
▪️Often called Acharya, he is best known for the Bhoodan Movement.
▪️He is considered as National Teacher of India and the spiritual successor of Mahatma Gandhi.
▪️He was an eminent philosopher. The Gita has been translated into Marathi language by him with the title Geetai (meaning 'Mother Gīta' in Marathi).
▪️Acharya Vinoba Bhave was a nonviolence activist, freedom activist, social reformer and spiritual teacher.
▪️Vinoba met Gandhi on 7th June 1916 and took residence at the Ashram. Hence statement 3 is not correct.

Role in Freedom Struggle:
▪️Under the influence of Mahatma Gandhi, Vinoba also got involved in the Indian freedom struggle.
▪️He took part in programs of non-cooperation and especially the call for use of Swadeshi goods instead of foreign imports.
▪️He took up the spinning wheel churning out Khadi and urged others to do so, resulting in mass production of the fabric.
▪️Till 1940, Vinoba Bhave was known only to the people around him. Mahatma Gandhi, on 5 October, 1940, introduced Bhave to the nation by issuing a statement.
▪️He was also chosen as the first Individual Satyagrahi (an Individual standing up for Truth instead of a collective action) by Gandhi himself. Hence statement 1 is correct.

Social Work:
▪️Vinoba Bhave worked tirelessly towards eradicating social evils like inequality.
▪️He adopted the term Sarvodaya from Gandhi which simply means “Progress for All”.
▪️The Sarvodaya movement under him implemented various programs during the 1950s, the chief among which is the Bhoodan Movement (1951). Hence statement 2 is correct.

Bhoodan Movement:
▪️In 1951, Vinoba Bhave started his peace-trek on foot through the violence-torn region of Telangana.
▪️On April 18, 1951, the Harijans of the Pochampalli village requested him to provide them with around 80 acres of land to make a living.
▪️Vinoba asked the landlords of the village to come forward and save the Harijans. To everybody's surprise, a landlord got up and offered the required land.
▪️This incident added a new chapter in the history of sacrifices and non-violence. It was the beginning of the Bhoodan (Gift of the Land) movement.
▪️The movement continued for thirteen years and Vinoba toured the length and breadth of the country, a total distance of 58741 Km.
▪️He was successful in collecting around 4.4 million acres of land, of which around 1.3 million was distributed among poor landless farmers.

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Q. With reference to impact of British policies on the Indian people, consider the following statements:

1. The money lender was greatly helped by the new legal system and the new revenue policy.
2. The pressure on agriculture was increased immensely.

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Not correct statements are asked.

Impacts of British Policies:

▪️The economic policies followed by the British led to the rapid transformation of Indian’s economy into a colonial economy whose nature and structure were determined by the needs of the British economy that totally disrupted the traditional structure of the Indian economy.
▪️There was a sudden and quick collapse of the urban handicrafts, which had for centuries made India’s name a byword in the markets of the entire civilized world.
▪️Indian goods made with primitive techniques could not compete with goods produced on a mass scale by powerful steam-operated machines.
▪️The development of railways enabled British manufactures to reach and uproot the traditional industries in the remotest villages of the country.
▪️The money lender was greatly helped by the new legal system and the new revenue policy. Earlier they had to maintain their image in the village. Thus their mischiefs were limited. Hence statement 1 is correct.
▪️Due to disbandment of local armies and ruin of handicraft industries created huge pool of unemployed Indians. Thus pressure on agriculture was increased immensely. Hence statement 2 is correct.

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Q. With reference to the Indian National Movement, consider the following statements:

1. The East India Association was founded by Surendra Nath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose to create a strong public opinion on political questions.
2. The Indian National Association was founded by Dadabhai Naoroji to influence public opinion in England to promote Indian welfare.

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▪️The East India Association was founded by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1866, in collaboration with Indians and retired British officials in London. It superseded the London Indian Society and was a platform for discussing matters and ideas about India, and to provide representation for Indians to the Government. Hence statement 1 is not correct.

▪️The Indian Association was the first avowed nationalist organization founded in British India by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose in 1876. The objectives of this Association were "promoting by every legitimate means the political, intellectual and material advancement of the people". Hence statement 2 is not correct.

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Q. Consider the following statements:

1. The Gandhi Peace Prize was started in the year 1995.
2. It is open to all persons regardless of nationality, race, creed or sex.

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Gandhi Peace Prize:

▪️Gandhi peace prize was named after Mahatma Gandhi and it is awarded annually by the government of India.
▪️The international Gandhi peace prize was launched in 1995 on the 125th birth anniversary of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi as a tribute. Hence statement 1 is correct.
▪️The Gandhi peace prize is awarded to groups, organizations, institutes, or individuals for their contribution to the society towards economic growth, social growth, and political transformation through non-violence and Gandhian methods.
▪️The word consists of 1 crore rupee cash which is convertible in any currency in the world, a plaque, and a citation.
▪️It is an international award therefore it is open to all regardless of gender race and nationality. Hence statement 2 is correct.
▪️The first recipient of the international Gandhi peace prize was Julius Nyerere in the year 1995. He was a Tanzanian politician who served as the leader of Tanzania and Tanganyika from 1960 to 1985.

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https://samajho.com/upsc/chilling-effect-the-issue-of-criminal-defamation-in-india-25th-march-2023-upsc-daily-editorial-analysis/

Chilling effect - the issue of criminal defamation in India | 25th March 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis

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Exam Warriors by PM Narendra Modi:

▪️Exam Warriors is a book by Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi, published in 2018.
▪️Exam Warriors is written for young students to help them deal with the stress of exams.
▪️It is available in 13 languages as follows, Hindi, English, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Odia, Assamese, Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, Urdu & Bengali.

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Q. With reference to the Economic Geography, consider the following statements:

1. Hydroponics is a type of a soilless agriculture.
2. The combination of different crops on the same piece of land is called as mixed farming.
3. In plantation agriculture, trees or bushes are planted on huge estates.