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▪️A landlocked country is surrounded by other countries and does not have its own ports.

Africa:
▪️Out of Africa’s 55 countries, 17 of them are landlocked:
▪️Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, South Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Asia:
▪️Asia has 12 landlocked countries: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Laos, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.

Europe:
▪️Europe has 15 landlocked countries: Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, and Vatican City.

South America:
▪️In South America there are two countries that are landlocked: Bolivia and and Paraguay.

▪️North America has no landlocked countries, and Australia is rather obviously not landlocked.

▪️Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked country of world.
▪️The smallest landlocked country of world is Vatican City.

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Q. Consider the following soil forming factors:

1. Parent material
2. Topography
3. Climate
4. Biological activity

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Soil Forming Factors:

▪️There are five basic factors that control the formation of soils: parent material, topography, climate, biological activity and time

Parent Material:
▪️A passive control factor that controls soil formation is the Parent material. These materials (Parent materials) can be on-site weathered rock debris or transported deposits or any in-situ weathered materials.

Topography:
▪️Another passive control factor is Topography. The topography influence is witnessed from the amount of exposure of a surface covered by parent materials to sunlight and subsurface drainage over and through the parent materials.

Climate:
▪️Climate is a very vital active factor in soil formation. The various factors that add to the formation of the soil development are:
- Temperature: Temperature effect in terms of both seasonal and diurnal variations.
- Moisture: Moisture in terms of its intensity, frequency and duration of precipitation – evaporation and humidity.

Biological Activity:
▪️The organisms and the cover of vegetation that occupy the parent materials from the very beginning and also at several later stages with time help in the addition of organic matter, retention of moisture and gases like nitrogen, oxygen, etc
▪️Humus is the finely divided organic matter of the soil that is provided by Dead plants.

Time:
▪️The third important passive controlling factor in soil formation is time. The time duration in the soil formation processes helps determine the maturation of soils and profile development.

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Q. Consider the following statements:

1. Unlike erosion, in weathering is an in-situ or on-site process.
2. Solution, carbonation, hydration etc. are examples of physical weathering.
3. Weathering processes differ from climate to climate.

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▪️Weathering is action of elements of weather and climate over earth materials. There are a number of processes within weathering which act either individually or together to affect the earth materials in order to reduce them to fragmental state.

▪️As very little or no motion of materials takes place in weathering, it is an in-situ or on-site process. Hence statement 1 is correct.

▪️Solution, carbonation, hydration etc are examples of chemical weathering. Hence statement 2 is not correct.

▪️Weathering processes are conditioned by many complex geological, climatic, topographic and vegetative factors. Climate is of particular importance.
Not only weathering processes differ from climate to climate, but also the depth of the weathering mantle. Hence statement 3 is correct.

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Q. Consider the following statements:

1. The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2011 gave a constitutional status and protection to the cooperative societies.
2. Recently the Supreme Court striked down the entire 97th constitutional amendment act as it violated the principle of basic structure.

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▪️The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2011 gave a constitutional status and protection to co-operative societies. Hence statement 1 is correct.
▪️In this context, it made the following three changes in the constitution:
- It made the right to form co-operative societies a fundamental right (Article 19).
- It included a new Directive Principle of State Policy on promotion of co-operative societies (Article 43-B2 ).
- It added a new Part IX-B in the Constitution which is entitled “The Co-operative Societies” (Articles 243-ZH to 243-ZT).

▪️The Supreme Court (SC) upheld a 2013 judgment of the Gujarat High Court and struck down certain provisions of the Constitution (97th Amendment) Act, 2011. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
▪️It did not strike down the portions of Part IXB of the Amendment concerning ‘Multi State Co-operative Societies (MSCS)’ due to the lack of ratification.

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Q. Which of the following are the recommendations of Sarkaria Commission:

1. Centre should consult the states before making a law on concurrent list
2. Governor should not be able to dismiss the council of ministers as long as it commands majority in state assembly
3. Use of article 356 in extreme cases and only as a last resort
4. Further strengthen the All India Services and add more services to them

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Sarkaria Commission's key recommendations are:

▪️Use of article 356 in extreme cases and only as a last resort. Hence statement 3 is correct.
▪️Further strengthen the All India Services and add more services to them. Hence statement 4 is correct.
▪️President should communicate reasons to state governments when he withholds assent to bills of state legislature.
▪️Fresh constitution of Zonal Councils to promote spirit of federalism.
▪️Centre should consult the states before making a law on concurrent list. Hence statement 1 is correct.
▪️The constitution should be amended to provide for consultation with Chief Minister in the appointment of the state governor.
▪️Governor should not be able to dismiss the council of ministers as long as it commands majority in state assembly. Hence statement 2 is correct.
▪️Governor’s term should be fixed to five years; and it should be disturbed except for some extremely compelling reasons.
▪️Steps should be taken to implement three language formula.

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Q. With reference to the Acharya Vinoba Bhave, consider the following statements:

1. He was the first Individual Satyagrahi in 1940.
2. The Bhoodan Movement was started by him in 1951.
3. Though he was a avid follower of Mahatma Gandhi, he never got an opportunity to meet him.

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Acharya Vinoba Bhave:

▪️Vinayak Narahari also known as Vinoba Bhave (11 September 1895 – 15 November 1982) was an Indian advocate of nonviolence and human rights.
▪️Often called Acharya, he is best known for the Bhoodan Movement.
▪️He is considered as National Teacher of India and the spiritual successor of Mahatma Gandhi.
▪️He was an eminent philosopher. The Gita has been translated into Marathi language by him with the title Geetai (meaning 'Mother Gīta' in Marathi).
▪️Acharya Vinoba Bhave was a nonviolence activist, freedom activist, social reformer and spiritual teacher.
▪️Vinoba met Gandhi on 7th June 1916 and took residence at the Ashram. Hence statement 3 is not correct.

Role in Freedom Struggle:
▪️Under the influence of Mahatma Gandhi, Vinoba also got involved in the Indian freedom struggle.
▪️He took part in programs of non-cooperation and especially the call for use of Swadeshi goods instead of foreign imports.
▪️He took up the spinning wheel churning out Khadi and urged others to do so, resulting in mass production of the fabric.
▪️Till 1940, Vinoba Bhave was known only to the people around him. Mahatma Gandhi, on 5 October, 1940, introduced Bhave to the nation by issuing a statement.
▪️He was also chosen as the first Individual Satyagrahi (an Individual standing up for Truth instead of a collective action) by Gandhi himself. Hence statement 1 is correct.

Social Work:
▪️Vinoba Bhave worked tirelessly towards eradicating social evils like inequality.
▪️He adopted the term Sarvodaya from Gandhi which simply means “Progress for All”.
▪️The Sarvodaya movement under him implemented various programs during the 1950s, the chief among which is the Bhoodan Movement (1951). Hence statement 2 is correct.

Bhoodan Movement:
▪️In 1951, Vinoba Bhave started his peace-trek on foot through the violence-torn region of Telangana.
▪️On April 18, 1951, the Harijans of the Pochampalli village requested him to provide them with around 80 acres of land to make a living.
▪️Vinoba asked the landlords of the village to come forward and save the Harijans. To everybody's surprise, a landlord got up and offered the required land.
▪️This incident added a new chapter in the history of sacrifices and non-violence. It was the beginning of the Bhoodan (Gift of the Land) movement.
▪️The movement continued for thirteen years and Vinoba toured the length and breadth of the country, a total distance of 58741 Km.
▪️He was successful in collecting around 4.4 million acres of land, of which around 1.3 million was distributed among poor landless farmers.

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Q. With reference to impact of British policies on the Indian people, consider the following statements:

1. The money lender was greatly helped by the new legal system and the new revenue policy.
2. The pressure on agriculture was increased immensely.

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Not correct statements are asked.

Impacts of British Policies:

▪️The economic policies followed by the British led to the rapid transformation of Indian’s economy into a colonial economy whose nature and structure were determined by the needs of the British economy that totally disrupted the traditional structure of the Indian economy.
▪️There was a sudden and quick collapse of the urban handicrafts, which had for centuries made India’s name a byword in the markets of the entire civilized world.
▪️Indian goods made with primitive techniques could not compete with goods produced on a mass scale by powerful steam-operated machines.
▪️The development of railways enabled British manufactures to reach and uproot the traditional industries in the remotest villages of the country.
▪️The money lender was greatly helped by the new legal system and the new revenue policy. Earlier they had to maintain their image in the village. Thus their mischiefs were limited. Hence statement 1 is correct.
▪️Due to disbandment of local armies and ruin of handicraft industries created huge pool of unemployed Indians. Thus pressure on agriculture was increased immensely. Hence statement 2 is correct.

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Q. With reference to the Indian National Movement, consider the following statements:

1. The East India Association was founded by Surendra Nath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose to create a strong public opinion on political questions.
2. The Indian National Association was founded by Dadabhai Naoroji to influence public opinion in England to promote Indian welfare.