Q. With reference to the physical geography, consider the following pairs:

Geographic Term - Physical Significance

1. Perihelion - Position of the Earth farthest from the Sun
2. Aphelion - Position of the Earth nearest to the Sun
3. Solstice - Sun is directly overhead along the lines of the tropics
4. Equinoxes - Sun is directly overhead along the line of Equator

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

Pairs 1and 2 are not correctly matched. They are interchanged.
▪️Perihelion is a point in the orbit of a body circling the sun that is closest to the star. The word comes from Greek and literally means around (peri) the sun (helios).
▪️Aphelion is the point at which an orbiting body is furthest from the sun.
▪️Earth's perihelion takes place in early January. The exact date shifts because the calendar year doesn't perfectly match Earth's orbit.
▪️Earth comes closest to the sun every year around January 3. It is farthest from the sun every year around July 4. The difference in distance between Earth's nearest point to the sun in January and farthest point from the sun in July is 3.1 million miles (5 million kilometers). Earth is about 91.4 million miles (147.1 million kilometers) from the sun in early January, in contrast to about 94.5 million miles (152 million kilometers) in early July.

Pair 3 is correctly matched.
▪️A solstice is an event in which a planet’s poles are most extremely inclined toward or away from the star it orbits.
▪️On our planet, solstices are defined by solar declination—the latitude of the Earth where the sun is directly overhead at noon.
▪️On Earth, solstices are twice-yearly phenomena in which solar declination reaches the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the south.
▪️During the June solstice (marked between June 20 and June 22), solar declination is about 23.5°N (the Tropic of Cancer). During the December solstice (marked between December 20 and December 23), solar declination is about 23.5°S (the Tropic of Capricorn).
▪️Solstices and shifting solar declinations are a result of Earth’s 23.5° axial tilt as it orbits the sun. Throughout the year, this means that either the Northern or Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun and receives the maximum intensity of the sun’s rays.

Pair 4 is correctly matched.
▪️The equinox happens when the length of the day and night are equal. This happens twice a year once during September 22-23 and once during march 20-21. This actually happens when the center of the sun is directly above the equator.

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Q. Consider the following statements:

1. Manipur is also known as the Molassis Basin which is made up of soft unconsolidated deposits.
2. The physiotherapy of Mizoram is unique by the presence of a large lake known as Loktak lake at the centre, surrounded by mountains from all sides.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Mizoram which is also known as the ‘Molassis basin’ which is made up of soft unconsolidated deposits. Hence statement 1 is not correct.

▪️ The physiography of Manipur is unique by the presence of a large lake known as ‘Loktak’ lake at the centre, surrounded by mountains from all sides. Hence statement 2 is not correct.

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Q. Consider the following events:

1. Declaration of the Communal Award
2. Formation of the Swaraj Party
3. Delhi Pact
4. Fourteen Points of Jinnah

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

Correct chronological order is:

▪️Formation of the Swaraj Party - 1923
- The swaraj party was formed by Indian politicians- – Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das and other members of the Indian National Congress on 1 January 1923.
- The swaraj party was formed to: Fight British colonialism. Demonstrate that these councils were not truly democratic.

▪️Fourteen Points of Jinnah - March, 1929
- The Fourteen Points of Jinnah were proposed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah in response to Nehru report.
- It basically consisted of four Delhi proposals, the three Calcutta amendments and demands for continuation of separate electorates and reservation of seats for Muslims in government services and self governing bodies.

▪️Delhi Pact or Gandhi-Irwin Pact - March, 1931
- The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was concluded between Mahatma Gandhi and the then viceroy of India, Lord Irwin on 5th March 1931.
- The pact was signed before the start of the second round table conference in London.
- Gandhi-Irwin Pact, also known as the Delhi Pact, placed the Congress on an equal footing with the government.

Declaration of the Communal Award - August, 1932
- The Communal Award was created by the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald on 16 August 1932.
- Also known as the MacDonald Award, it was announced after the Round Table Conference (1930–32) and extended the separate electorate to depressed Classes (now known as the Scheduled Caste) and other minorities.

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Q. With reference to the railways during the British rule, consider the following statements:

1. The railway lines were laid primarily with a view of political and economic development of the Indians.
2. The first phase of railways was built as the state enterprise.
3. Lord Dalhousie was an ardent advocate of rapid railway construction.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️ The earliest suggestion to build a railway in India was made in Madras in 1831.
▪️ Lord Dalhousie, who became Governor-General of India in 1849, was an ardent advocate of rapid railway construction. Hence statement 3 is correct.

▪️ Railways in India developed in three phases-
Phase 1 (1853-1869):
- Railways were built by private companies who were guaranteed a minimum of five per cent return on their capital. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
Phase 2 (1869-1880)
- Private companies proved very costly and slow, thus in 1869 Britishers decided to build new railways as a state enterprise.
Phase 3 (After 1880):
- After 1880, railways were built through private enterprise as well as through state agencies.

▪️The railway lines were laid primarily with a view to linking India's raw material producing areas in the interior with the ports of export. At no stage of railway development, the economic and political development of India and her people was considered. Hence statement 1 is not correct.

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Q. Which of the following were the reasons behind the introduction of the Permanent Settlement by the Britishers:

1. They were in need to create political allies.
2. They wanted financial security for the company.
3. They expected that the Permanent Settlement would increase agricultural production.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️The Permanent Settlement was introduced in Bengal and Bihar in 1793 by Lord Cornwallis.
▪️Under this land revenue system, Britishers recognised the zamindars and revenue collectors as the owner of the land.
▪️Their right of ownership was made hereditary and transferable.
▪️The reasons for the recognition of Zamindars as landlord were three-fold:
1. the need to create political allies.
2. to ensure financial security for the company.
3. As land revenue remained fixed, even if the Zamindar's income went up, he would focus on improving agricultural productivity.

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Q. With reference to the Law Commission of India, consider the following statements:

1. Law Commission of India is a non-statutory body.
2. The tenure of Law Commission is for three years.
3. It has no fixed composition, no defined eligibility criteria for its chair and members, and no set functions

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

Law Commission of India:

▪️Law Commission of India is neither a constitutional body nor a statutory body, it is an executive body (non-statutory body) established by an order of the Government of India. Hence statement 1 is correct.
▪️The Commission is established for a fixed tenure (3 years) and works as an advisory body to the Ministry of Law and Justice. Hence statement 2 is correct.
▪️The first law Commission was established in 1834 under the Charter Act of 1833 under the Chairmanship of Lord Macaulay which recommended codification of the Penal Code and the Criminal Procedure Code.
▪️The Indian Code of Civil Procedure, the Indian Contract Act, the Indian Evidence Act, the Transfer of Property Act. etc. are products of the first four Law Commissions.
▪️The Government of India established the First Law Commission of Independent India in 1955 with the then Attorney-General of India, Mr M. C. Setalvad, as its Chairman. Since then twenty one more Law Commissions have been appointed, each with a three-year term.
▪️It has no fixed composition, no defined eligibility criteria for its chair and members, and no set functions. Hence statement 3 is correct.

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Q. Consider the following statements:

1. In India, almost all universities have a chancellor as their titular head whose function is largely ceremonial.
2. The governor of the state is honorary chancellor of all State owned universities.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️In India, almost all universities have a chancellor as their titular head whose function is largely ceremonial. Hence statement 1 is correct.
▪️The governor of the state, appointed as the union’s representative of state by the president, is the honorary chancellor of all State owned universities. Hence statement 2 is correct.
▪️The de facto head of any government university is the vice-chancellor.
▪️In private non-profit universities, normally the head of the foundation who has established the university is the chancellor of the university and is the head of the university.
▪️Under the Central Universities Act, 2009, and other statutes, the President of India shall be the Visitor of a central university.
▪️With their role limited to presiding over convocations, Chancellors in central universities are titular heads, who are appointed by the President in his capacity as Visitor.

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