#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is not correct: Federation with strong Centre, the appointment of Governor by the Centre, vesting residuary powers with the Centre etc. are the provisions of the Indian Constitution that are adopted from the Canadian Constitution.

▪️Statement 2 is correct: The Governor is appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal but the Supreme Court in 1979 held that the office of Governor is not under the control of Central government. The Office of Governor is not an employment under the Central Government.

▪️Statement 3 is correct: Article 153-167 of the Indian Constitution deals with the state executive. The Governor is the chief executive head of the state as well as the agent of the Central government in the state, thereby exercising a dual role in the Indian political system. In the original constitution, there was a provision for the Governor for each state but the 7th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956 provided for the appointment of one person as the Governor of two or more states.

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Belated, but essential - Virtual Digital Assets and the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) | 11th March 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis

Q. Consider the following statements regarding the impeachment of the President:

1. Impeachment charges can be initiated in the Lok Sabha only.
2. The nominated members of both Houses of Parliament cannot take part in impeachment proceedings.
3. No President has been so far impeached from his post.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️The President can be removed from office by a process of impeachment for violation of the Constitution‘. However, the Constitution does not define the meaning of the phrase violation of the Constitution‘.

▪️The impeachment charges can be initiated by either House of Parliament. These charges should be signed by one-fourth members of the House (that framed the charges), and a 14 days‘ notice should be given to the President. Hence statement 1 is not correct.

▪️The nominated members of either House of Parliament can participate in the impeachment of the President though they do not participate in his election. Hence statement 2 is not correct.

▪️In the History of the Indian Republic, no Indian President has been so far "impeached" from his post. Hence statement 3 is correct.

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Q. With reference to the measurement of biodiversity, consider the following statements:

1. Species Richness represents the number of different species in a given habitat.
2. Species Evenness is the measure of relative abundance of different species in the area.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Species richness and species evenness are two different biodiversity indices, which influence and support the stability of an ecosystem.

▪️Statement 1 is correct. Species richness is defined as the number of different species present in a given area, region or in a particular ecosystem.

▪️Statement 2 is correct. Species evenness refers to the relative abundance of each species in a particular area and it is a measure of whether a particular ecosystem is numerically dominated by one species or is represented by a similar number of species. Species evenness compares the number of individuals between species to produce a relative abundance of each species.

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Q. Consider the following statements:

1. A biodiversity hotspot is a bio-geographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is undisturbed by the humans.
2. Norman Myers developed the concept of biodiversity hotspot.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is incorrect. A biodiversity hotspot is a bio-geographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat from the humans (disturbed).
A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with significant levels of biodiversity that is threatened by human habitation

▪️Statement 2 is correct. Norman Myers developed this concept of biodiversity hotspot.

▪️To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot on Myers' 2000 edition of the hotspot map, a region must meet two strict criteria:
- it must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (more than 0.5% of the world's total) as endemics, and it has to have lost at least 70% of its primary vegetation. Globally, 36 zones qualify under this definition.

▪️These sites support nearly 60% of the world's plant, bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species, with a high share of those species as endemics.

▪️Some of these hotspots support up to 15,000 endemic plant species, and some have lost up to 95% of their natural habitat

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Q. With reference to the Red List Index (RLI), consider the following statements:

1. The RLI is developed to show trends in overall extinction risks for species.
2. An RLI value of 1 equates to all species qualifying as Least Concerns.
3. An RLI value of 0 equates to all species having gone Extinct.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

IUCN Red List Index (RLI)

▪️Statement 1 is correct. The Red List Index (RLI) shows trends in overall extinction risk for species, and is used by governments to track their progress towards targets for reducing biodiversity loss.

▪️Statement 2 is correct. An RLI value of 1.0 equates to all species qualifying as Least Concern (i.e., not expected to become Extinct in the near future).

▪️Statement 3 is correct. An RLI value of 0 equates to all species having gone Extinct.

▪️A constant RLI value over time indicates that the overall extinction risk for the group is unchanged. If the rate of biodiversity loss were reducing, the RLI would show an upward trend. Confidence intervals (shown in grey) are calculated to take into account the number of Data Deficient species in each group and the uncertainty over exactly when changes in status occurred, given that assessments are repeated only at multi-year intervals, and therefore the precise value for any particular year is uncertain.

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Q. With reference to Paleolithic Period in India, Consider the following statements:

1. The early man in India used tools of stone roughly dressed by crude chipping, which have been found throughout the country except in the alluvial plains of the Indus, Ganga, and Yamuna rivers.
2. The early man had knowledge of cultivation and house building.
3. Paleolithic tools have been found in the Chhotanagpur plateau in India.
4. Paleolithic period in India developed in the Holocene period of the Ice Age.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

Paleolithic Period in India:
▪️The early man in India used tools of stone roughly dressed by crude chipping, which have been found throughout the country except in the alluvial plains of the Indus, Ganga, and Yamuna rivers.
▪️The chipped stone tools were used for hunting, cutting, and other purposes.
▪️He had no knowledge of cultivation and housebuilding.
▪️In this period man barely managed to gather his food and lived on hunting.
▪️Paleolithic tools as old as 100000 B.C. have been found in the Chhotanagpur plateau.
▪️The paleolithic culture of India developed in the Pleistocene epoch.

Hence, Option 3 is correct.

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Q. Consider the following statements with respect to Hindustani classical music:

1. It assimilated some features of Persian and Arabian music.
2. Clear cut demarcations in the style of musical rendition led to different gharanas in Hindustani music.
3. Purely instrumental forms are not found in Hindustani music.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Indian classical music has two major traditions - the North Indian classical music tradition is called Hindustani, while the South Indian expression is called Carnatic.

▪️In Haripala's "Sangeeta Sudhakara", written in the 14th century A.D., the terms Carnatic and Hindustani are found for the first time.

▪️The Indian music of the Northern part of India assimilated some features of the music of the Persian and Arabic musicians who adorned the courts of the Mughal rulers of Delhi, the music of the South continued to develop along its own original lines. Hence statement 1 is correct.

▪️In Hindustani music, a Gharana is a system of social organization in the Indian subcontinent, linking musicians or dancers by lineage or apprenticeship, and by adherence to a particular musical style. Hence statement 2 is correct.

▪️The major vocal forms associated with Hindustani classical music are the Khayal, Ghazal, Dhrupad, Dhammar, Tarana and Thumri.
-Dhrupad style of singing is traditionally performed by men with a tanpura and pakhawaj.
-The lyrics sung in Dhrupad are in a medieval form of Hindi and are typically heroic in theme, or in praise of a particular deity.
-A more adorned form is called Dhamar. Khayal consists of about 4-8 lines of lyrics set to a tune.
-The performer uses these few lines as the base for improvisation.
-Taranas are songs that are used to convey a feel of joy and are usually performed towards the end of a concert.

▪️Although vocal music plays an important role, instrumental music is more important in Hindustani music. There are some purely instrumental forms, such as the theme with variations known as gat. Hence statement 3 is not correct

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Safe harbour at risk - Regulation of Net intermediaries | 13th March 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis