Q. With reference to the Raja Rammohan Roy, consider the following statements:

1. Raja Rammohan Roy wanted the introduction of modern capitalism and industry in India.
2. He published the Bengali translation of the Vedas and of five of the principal Upanishads.
3. He put the power of human reason secondary to teachings of holy scriptures and books.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

Raja Ram Mohan Roy:

-Raja Ram Mohan Roy is considered as the pioneer of modern Indian Renaissance for the remarkable reforms he brought in the 18th and 19th century India.
-Among his efforts, the abolition of the brutal and inhuman Sati Pratha was the most prominent. His efforts were also instrumental in eradicating the purdah system and child marriage.
-Raja Rammohan Roy wanted the introduction of modern capitalism and industry in India. Hence statement 1 is correct.
-He published the Bengali translation of the Vedas and of five of the principal Upanishads. Hence statement 2 is correct.
-He put the power of human reason primary (highest) to teachings of holy scriptures and books. Hence statement 3 is not correct.
-His publications includes: Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidinor A Gift to Monotheists (1905), Vedanta (1815), Ishopanishad (1816), Kathopanishad (1817), Moonduk Upanishad (1819), The Precepts of Jesus - Guide to Peace and Happiness (1820), Sambad Kaumudi - a Bengali newspaper (1821), Mirat-ul-Akbar - Persian journal (1822), Gaudiya Vyakaran (1826), Brahmapasona (1828), Brahmasangeet (1829) and The Universal Religion (1829).

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https://samajho.com/upsc/undue-credits-national-assessment-and-accreditation-council-naacs-conflict-of-interest-10th-march-2023-upsc-daily-editorial-analysis/

Undue Credits - National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)'s “conflict of interest” | 10th March 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis

Q. With reference to the Wood's Dispatch, consider the following statements:

1. It asked the Government of India to assume responsibility for the education of the masses.
2. It supported the downward filtration theory.
3. It asked to open the Department of Education in all provinces.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

Wood's Dispatch:

- Wood’s Dispatch is considered to be the “Magna Carta of Education” in India.
- The Dispatch is a comprehensive important educational document and holds a unique place in the history of Indian education.
- It placed the responsibility of education of the Indian people fully on the company and made it quite clear that it must never be neglected. Hence statement 1 is correct.
- The Dispatch gave new direction to education in India and which has its impact on today’s education in the country.
- It rejected the downward filtration theory. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
- It asked to open the Department of Education in all provinces. Hence statement 3 is correct.

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Q. With reference to the amendments made to the Indian Constitution, consider the following statements:

1. The very first Constitutional Amendment Act added articles 15(4) and 19(6).
2. State reorganization was main objective of the Seventh Constitutional Amendment Act.
3. 71st Constitutional Amendment Act amended the 8th Schedule.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️The First Amendment was passed in 1951 by the Provisional Parliament, members of who had just finished drafting the Constitution as part of the Constitutional Assembly.
▪️The First Amendment Act amended articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 372 and 376. Hence statement 1 is correct.
▪️It added Ninth Schedule to protect the land reforms and other laws included in it from the judicial review. After Article 31, Articles 31A and 31B were inserted.
▪️The 7th Amendment of Indian Constitution was needed to implement the recommendations of the States Reorganisation Commission regarding the reorganization of the states on a linguistic basis. Hence statement 2 is correct.
▪️It paved way for doing away with classification of states in A, B, C and D categories and introduced of Union Territories.
▪️The Seventy-First Amendment to the Indian Constitution included Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali languages in the Eighth Schedule. With this, the total number of scheduled languages increased to 18. Hence statement 3 is correct.

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Q. Consider the following statements regarding the office of Governor:

1. The provision of the appointment of a Governor was adopted from the Australian Constitution.
2. In India, President appoints the Governor by warrant under his hand and seal.
3. The appointment of one person as a Governor of two or more states was provided under the 7th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is not correct: Federation with strong Centre, the appointment of Governor by the Centre, vesting residuary powers with the Centre etc. are the provisions of the Indian Constitution that are adopted from the Canadian Constitution.

▪️Statement 2 is correct: The Governor is appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal but the Supreme Court in 1979 held that the office of Governor is not under the control of Central government. The Office of Governor is not an employment under the Central Government.

▪️Statement 3 is correct: Article 153-167 of the Indian Constitution deals with the state executive. The Governor is the chief executive head of the state as well as the agent of the Central government in the state, thereby exercising a dual role in the Indian political system. In the original constitution, there was a provision for the Governor for each state but the 7th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956 provided for the appointment of one person as the Governor of two or more states.

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https://samajho.com/upsc/belated-but-essential-virtual-digital-assets-and-the-prevention-of-money-laundering-act-pmla-11th-march-2023-upsc-daily-editorial-analysis/

Belated, but essential - Virtual Digital Assets and the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) | 11th March 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis

Q. Consider the following statements regarding the impeachment of the President:

1. Impeachment charges can be initiated in the Lok Sabha only.
2. The nominated members of both Houses of Parliament cannot take part in impeachment proceedings.
3. No President has been so far impeached from his post.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️The President can be removed from office by a process of impeachment for violation of the Constitution‘. However, the Constitution does not define the meaning of the phrase violation of the Constitution‘.

▪️The impeachment charges can be initiated by either House of Parliament. These charges should be signed by one-fourth members of the House (that framed the charges), and a 14 days‘ notice should be given to the President. Hence statement 1 is not correct.

▪️The nominated members of either House of Parliament can participate in the impeachment of the President though they do not participate in his election. Hence statement 2 is not correct.

▪️In the History of the Indian Republic, no Indian President has been so far "impeached" from his post. Hence statement 3 is correct.

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Q. With reference to the measurement of biodiversity, consider the following statements:

1. Species Richness represents the number of different species in a given habitat.
2. Species Evenness is the measure of relative abundance of different species in the area.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Species richness and species evenness are two different biodiversity indices, which influence and support the stability of an ecosystem.

▪️Statement 1 is correct. Species richness is defined as the number of different species present in a given area, region or in a particular ecosystem.

▪️Statement 2 is correct. Species evenness refers to the relative abundance of each species in a particular area and it is a measure of whether a particular ecosystem is numerically dominated by one species or is represented by a similar number of species. Species evenness compares the number of individuals between species to produce a relative abundance of each species.

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Q. Consider the following statements:

1. A biodiversity hotspot is a bio-geographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is undisturbed by the humans.
2. Norman Myers developed the concept of biodiversity hotspot.