Q. With reference to the Sun's energy received by the Earth, consider the following statements:

1. The insolation (incoming solar radiation) is received by the Earth in the form of long waves.
2. Terrestrial radiation is the short wave electromagnetic radiation originating from Earth and its atmosphere.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

Insolation:
▪️Insolation is the amount of solar radiation that is received by a planet. The energy received by the earth’s surface in the form of short waves is termed as Incoming Solar Radiation or Insolation. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
▪️The insolation is not constant over the surface of the Earth — it is concentrated near the equator because of the curvature of the Earth.

Terrestrial Radiation:
▪️The solar radiation received by the earth is in short wave forms and it heats up its surface. The earth acts as a radiating body and radiates energy in the form of long waves to the atmosphere. This process is called terrestrial radiation and these long wave radiations heat up the atmosphere from below.
▪️The atmosphere in turn radiates and transmits heat to space. This maintains the constant temperature at the earth’s surface, as the amount of heat received from the sun is transmitted to space. Hence statement 2 is not correct.

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Q. With reference to the British rule in India, consider the following statements:

1. Till 1813, Britishers took active steps to transform and reform Indian Society and culture.
2. After 1813, they followed a strict policy of non interference in Indian society and culture.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+
- The British followed a strict policy of non-interference in the social, religious and cultural life of the fellow Indian till 1813 AD. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
- After 1813, they took active steps to transform and reform Indian Society and culture. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
- After, 1813, British started the journey of transforming Indian society and cultural environment and this was happened due to the emergence of new ideas and thought via French Revolution, Industrial Revolution, and Intellectual Revolution.

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Q. With reference to the Raja Rammohan Roy, consider the following statements:

1. Raja Rammohan Roy wanted the introduction of modern capitalism and industry in India.
2. He published the Bengali translation of the Vedas and of five of the principal Upanishads.
3. He put the power of human reason secondary to teachings of holy scriptures and books.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

Raja Ram Mohan Roy:

-Raja Ram Mohan Roy is considered as the pioneer of modern Indian Renaissance for the remarkable reforms he brought in the 18th and 19th century India.
-Among his efforts, the abolition of the brutal and inhuman Sati Pratha was the most prominent. His efforts were also instrumental in eradicating the purdah system and child marriage.
-Raja Rammohan Roy wanted the introduction of modern capitalism and industry in India. Hence statement 1 is correct.
-He published the Bengali translation of the Vedas and of five of the principal Upanishads. Hence statement 2 is correct.
-He put the power of human reason primary (highest) to teachings of holy scriptures and books. Hence statement 3 is not correct.
-His publications includes: Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidinor A Gift to Monotheists (1905), Vedanta (1815), Ishopanishad (1816), Kathopanishad (1817), Moonduk Upanishad (1819), The Precepts of Jesus - Guide to Peace and Happiness (1820), Sambad Kaumudi - a Bengali newspaper (1821), Mirat-ul-Akbar - Persian journal (1822), Gaudiya Vyakaran (1826), Brahmapasona (1828), Brahmasangeet (1829) and The Universal Religion (1829).

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https://samajho.com/upsc/undue-credits-national-assessment-and-accreditation-council-naacs-conflict-of-interest-10th-march-2023-upsc-daily-editorial-analysis/

Undue Credits - National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)'s “conflict of interest” | 10th March 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis

Q. With reference to the Wood's Dispatch, consider the following statements:

1. It asked the Government of India to assume responsibility for the education of the masses.
2. It supported the downward filtration theory.
3. It asked to open the Department of Education in all provinces.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

Wood's Dispatch:

- Wood’s Dispatch is considered to be the “Magna Carta of Education” in India.
- The Dispatch is a comprehensive important educational document and holds a unique place in the history of Indian education.
- It placed the responsibility of education of the Indian people fully on the company and made it quite clear that it must never be neglected. Hence statement 1 is correct.
- The Dispatch gave new direction to education in India and which has its impact on today’s education in the country.
- It rejected the downward filtration theory. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
- It asked to open the Department of Education in all provinces. Hence statement 3 is correct.

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Q. With reference to the amendments made to the Indian Constitution, consider the following statements:

1. The very first Constitutional Amendment Act added articles 15(4) and 19(6).
2. State reorganization was main objective of the Seventh Constitutional Amendment Act.
3. 71st Constitutional Amendment Act amended the 8th Schedule.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️The First Amendment was passed in 1951 by the Provisional Parliament, members of who had just finished drafting the Constitution as part of the Constitutional Assembly.
▪️The First Amendment Act amended articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 372 and 376. Hence statement 1 is correct.
▪️It added Ninth Schedule to protect the land reforms and other laws included in it from the judicial review. After Article 31, Articles 31A and 31B were inserted.
▪️The 7th Amendment of Indian Constitution was needed to implement the recommendations of the States Reorganisation Commission regarding the reorganization of the states on a linguistic basis. Hence statement 2 is correct.
▪️It paved way for doing away with classification of states in A, B, C and D categories and introduced of Union Territories.
▪️The Seventy-First Amendment to the Indian Constitution included Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali languages in the Eighth Schedule. With this, the total number of scheduled languages increased to 18. Hence statement 3 is correct.

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Q. Consider the following statements regarding the office of Governor:

1. The provision of the appointment of a Governor was adopted from the Australian Constitution.
2. In India, President appoints the Governor by warrant under his hand and seal.
3. The appointment of one person as a Governor of two or more states was provided under the 7th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is not correct: Federation with strong Centre, the appointment of Governor by the Centre, vesting residuary powers with the Centre etc. are the provisions of the Indian Constitution that are adopted from the Canadian Constitution.

▪️Statement 2 is correct: The Governor is appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal but the Supreme Court in 1979 held that the office of Governor is not under the control of Central government. The Office of Governor is not an employment under the Central Government.

▪️Statement 3 is correct: Article 153-167 of the Indian Constitution deals with the state executive. The Governor is the chief executive head of the state as well as the agent of the Central government in the state, thereby exercising a dual role in the Indian political system. In the original constitution, there was a provision for the Governor for each state but the 7th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956 provided for the appointment of one person as the Governor of two or more states.

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https://samajho.com/upsc/belated-but-essential-virtual-digital-assets-and-the-prevention-of-money-laundering-act-pmla-11th-march-2023-upsc-daily-editorial-analysis/

Belated, but essential - Virtual Digital Assets and the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) | 11th March 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis