Q. With reference to the implication of the proclamation of National emergency, consider the following statements:

1. The Centre can give executive directions to a state on any matter when an emergency is in force.
2. The Parliament can make laws on any subject mentioned in the State List as the legislative power of a state legislature is suspended.
3. Suspension of normal distribution of the legislative powers between the Centre and states extends only to a state where the Emergency is in operation.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+
▪️The Emergency provisions are contained in Part XVIII of the Constitution, from Articles 352 to 360. Under Article 352, the President can declare a national emergency when the security of India or a part of it is threatened by war or external aggression or armed rebellion.

▪️Statement 1 is correct. During a national emergency, the executive power of the Centre extends to directing any state regarding the manner in which its executive power is to be exercised. In normal times, the Centre can give executive directions to a state only on certain specified matters. However, during a national emergency, the Centre becomes entitled to give executive directions to a state on ‘any’ matter.

▪️Statement 2 is incorrect. During a national emergency, the Parliament becomes empowered to make laws on any subject mentioned in the State List. Although the legislative power of a state legislature is not suspended, it becomes subject to the overriding power of the Parliament. The laws made by Parliament on the state subjects during a National Emergency become inoperative six months after the emergency has ceased to operate.

▪️Statement 3 is incorrect. The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 provided that the suspension of normal distribution of the legislative powers between the Centre and states extends not only to a state where the Emergency is in operation but also to any other state.

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Q. How the Constitution of India ensures equality of all religions?

1. The government does not levy fees on religious endowments.
2. The State does not discriminate on the basis of religion in giving employment.
3. The State cannot interfere in religious matters of the people.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️ Statement 1 is incorrect. In order to ensure equality of all religions, Government does not levy tax on the religious endowment. However, it levies fee, as levying a fee is not prohibited. Fee is used to control the secular administration and not to promote any religion.

▪️ Statement 2 is correct. Under the fundamental right of right to equality, Article 16 clearly guarantees that the Government will not discriminate on the basis of religion in giving employment .

▪️ Statement 3 is incorrect. Freedom of religion is subject to certain limitations. The government can impose restrictions on the practice of freedom of religion in order to protect public order, morality and health. This means that the freedom of religion is not an unlimited right. The government can interfere in religious matters for rooting out certain social evils. For example, in the past, the government has taken steps banning practices like sati, bigamy or human sacrifice.

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Q. Which of the following legal provisions give effect to some of the Fundamental Duties enshrined in the Constitution?

1. The Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972
2. The Representation of People Act of 1951
3. The Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act of 1971.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+
▪️ Statement 1 is correct. The Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 prohibits trade in rare and endangered species. It gives effect to the duty to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.

▪️ Statement 2 is correct. The Representation of People Act (1951) provides for the disqualification of members of the Parliament or a state legislature for promoting enmity between different sections of people on grounds of caste, race, language, religion, and so on. It gives effect to the duty to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic, and regional or sectional diversities.

▪️ Statement 3 is correct. The Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act (1971) prevents disrespect to the Constitution of India, the National Flag and the National Anthem. It gives effect to the duty to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.

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https://samajho.com/upsc/utilising-indias-moment-under-the-diplomatic-sun-understanding-the-dynamics-of-indias-current-foreign-policy-6th-march-2023-upsc-daily-editorial-analysis/

Utilising India’s moment under the diplomatic sun - Understanding the dynamics of India's current foreign policy | 6th March 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis

Q. Consider the following statement regarding “Big Bang Theory”:

1. Big Bang theory attempts to explain the origin of the universe.
2. According to this theory, the universe contracted and temperature increased to create clouds comprising of various gases.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️Statement 1 is correct: The universe is very old – almost 20 billion years old. Huge clusters of galaxies comprise the universe. Galaxies contain stars and clouds of gas and dust. Considering the size of the universe, earth is indeed a speck. The Big Bang theory attempts to explain to us the origin of the universe.

▪️Statement 2 is incorrect: It talks of a singular huge explosion unimaginable in physical terms. The universe expanded, not contracted and hence, the temperature came down. Hydrogen and Helium formed sometime later. The gases condensed under gravitation and formed the galaxies of the present-day universe.

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https://samajho.com/upsc/a-doubtful-green-understanding-the-deficiencies-in-forests-mapping-7th-march-2023-upsc-daily-editorial-analysis/

A doubtful green - Understanding the deficiencies in forests mapping | 7th March 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis

Q. With reference to the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), consider the following statements:

1. It was launched by India at the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit in September 2019.
2. It is an intergovernmental organisation.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

What is the CDRI?

◾️The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) is a multi-stakeholder global partnership of national governments, UN agencies and programmes, multilateral development banks and financing mechanisms, the private sector, and academic and knowledge institutions.
◾️It addresses the challenges of building resilience into infrastructure systems and the development associated with it.
◾️Since its inception, 31 countries, 6 international organisations and 2 private sector organisations have joined CDRI as members.

◾️Statement 1 is correct. The Prime Minister of India launched CDRI during his speech at the UN Climate Action Summit on 23 September 2019.
-The Prime Minister had initially announced India’s intention to work with partner countries and key stakeholders to form a coalition working towards the goal of improving the disaster resilience of infrastructure at the Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (AMCDRR) held in November 2016 in New Delhi.
-Since the AMCDRR, the Government of India has advocated for the issue of DRI and organized a series of consultations, advocacy efforts, and preparatory work at various regional and international forums.

◾️Statement 2 is incorrect. CDRI is a multi-stakeholder global partnership of national governments, UN agencies and programmes, multilateral development banks and financing mechanisms, the private sector, and academic and knowledge institutions.
- At present, it is not an intergovernmental organisation, which is ordinarily a treaty-based organization.

◾️ Recent developments: Recently, the Union Cabinet approved the categorisation of the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) as an ‘International Organisation’. The Cabinet has also signed the Headquarters Agreement (HQA) with CDRI for granting it the exemptions, immunities and privileges as contemplated under the United Nations (Privileges & Immunities) Act, 1947.

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Q. Consider the following statements:

1. The first Saturday of every July is celebrated as the International Day of Cooperatives.
2. The World Cooperative Monitor (WCM) report is published by the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) and European Research Institute on Cooperative and Social Enterprises (Euricse).
3. The formation of a cooperative organisation is not a fundamental right in India.
4. The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2011 is related to Cooperatives.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

◾️Statement 1 is correct. The United Nations (UN) International Day of Cooperatives is observed on the first Saturday of July each year.
- International Co-operative Day is an annual celebration of the co-operative movement observed on the first Saturday in July since 1923 by the International Co-operative Alliance.
- On December 16, 1992, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed in resolution 47/90 "the first Saturday of July 1995 to be International Day of Cooperatives, marking the centenary of the establishment of the International Cooperative Alliance."
- Since 1995 the United Nations' International Day of Co-operatives has been observed jointly alongside International Co-operative Day.
-International Day of Cooperatives 2022: This year will mark the 100th International Day of Cooperatives, also known as Coops Day.
- This year’s theme for International Day of Cooperatives is - “Cooperatives Build a Better World."

◾️Statement 2 is correct. The World Cooperative Monitor (WCM) report is published by the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) and European Research Institute on Cooperative and Social Enterprises (Euricse).
- WCM is a project designed to collect robust economic, organizational, and social data about cooperatives worldwide.
- The International Co-operative Alliance (ICA) is a non-governmental co-operative federation or, more precisely, a co-operative union representing co-operatives and the co-operative movement worldwide.
- It was founded in 1895 to unite, represent and serve co-operatives worldwide.
- The Alliance maintains the internationally recognised definition of a co-operative in the "Statement on the Co-operative Identity".
- The ICA represents 318 cooperative federations and organisations in 112 countries.

◾️Statement 3 is incorrect. Originally, this was not a fundamental right. Later, The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2011 established the right to form cooperative societies as a fundamental right (Article 19).

◾️Statement 4 is correct. The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2011 granted co-operative societies constitutional status and protection.
- It made the following three constitutional amendments:
1. It established the right to form cooperative societies as a fundamental right (Article 19).
2. It included a new directive Principle of State Policy on the Promotion of Cooperative Societies (Article 43-B).
3. It added a new PartIX-B to the Constitution titled "The Co-operative Societies" (Articles 243-ZH to 243-ZT).

◾️Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) upheld a 2013 judgement of the Gujarat High Court and struck down certain provisions of the Constitution (97th Amendment) Act, 2011.

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