#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

Basel Convention:
▪️ Adopted on March 22, 1989, by the Conference of Plenipotentiaries in Basel, Switzerland, the “Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal”, generally known as the Basel Convention, came into force in 1992.
▪️ It is an international treaty that aims to reduce the movement of hazardous waste between countries.
▪️ It particularly focuses on preventing transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries.
▪️ It provides for cooperation between the parties, including the exchange of information on issues relevant to the implementation of the Convention.

▪️▪️The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) was adopted with the objective of protecting human health and the environment from POPs.

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Q. Consider the following statements about the 'Buddhist Councils':

1. In the First Buddhist Council, Sutta Pitaka and Vinaya Pitaka were compiled.
2. In the Second Buddhist Council, Abhidhamma Pitaka was compiled, completing the Tripitaka.
3. In the Third Buddhist Council, Buddhism was split up into Hinayana and Mahayana sects.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

Buddhism is a religion and philosophy grounded on the lessons of Gautam Buddha (Prince Siddhartha), who lived between 563 and 483 BCE. Buddhism spread all over the ancient Indian sub-continent and continued to spread into Southeast, East Asia, Central, and Eastern Europe.

First Buddhist Council- 400 BC:
◾️It was held soon after the Mahaparinirvan of the Buddha, around 483 BC under the patronage of King Ajatshatru, and was presided by Mahakasyapa, a monk.
◾️The council was held in the Sattapani cave at Rajgriha.
◾️The council was held with the purpose of preserving Buddha’s teachings (Sutta) and rules for disciples.
◾️During this council, the teachings of Buddha were divided into three Pitakas.
🟩Sutta Pitaka and Vinaya Pitaka were compiled in this council.

Second Buddhist Council- 383 BC:
◾️It was held in Vaishali, a village in Bihar under the patronage of king Kalasoka in 383 BC. It was presided by Sabakami.

Third Buddhist Council–250 BC:
◾️It was held in 250 BC in Patliputra under the patronage of Ashoka and was presided by Moggaliputta Tissa.
🟥The Abhidhamma Pitaka was composed here making the almost completion of the modern Pali Tipitaka.

Fourth Buddhist Council- 72 AD:
◾️It was held in 72 AD at Kundalvana, Kashmir. It was presided by Vasumitra, while Asvaghosa was his deputy under the patronage of King Kanishka of Kushan Empire.
🟥Buddhism was divided into two sects namely Mahayana and Hinayana.

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#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

The Government of India Act, 1919:
◾️ It relaxed the central control over the provinces by demarcating and separating the central and provincial subjects.
- The central and provincial legislatures were authorized to make laws on their respective list of subjects.
- However, the structure of government continued to be centralized and unitary.

◾️It introduced, for the first time, bicameralism and direct elections in the country.
- Thus, the Indian Legislative Council was replaced by a bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper House (Council of State) and a Lower House (Legislative Assembly).
- The majority of members of both the Houses were chosen by direct election.

◾️It required that the three of the six members of the Viceroy’s Executive Council (other than the commander-in-chief) were to be Indian.

◾️It extended the principle of communal representation by providing separate electorates for Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, and Europeans.

◾️It granted franchise to a limited number of people on the basis of property, tax, or education.

🟩 It created a new office of the High Commissioner for India in London and transferred to him some of the functions hitherto performed by the Secretary of State for India.

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Q. Which of the following is/are included in the criteria to declare a region as a Biodiversity Hotspot:

1. Must contain 1500 species of vascular plants as endemics.
2. Have lost at least 70% of it primary vegetation.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

Criteria to declare a region as a Biodiversity Hotspot:
◾️ According to Conservation International, a region must fulfill the following two criteria to qualify as a hotspot:
1. It must have at least 1,500 vascular plants as endemics which are to say, it must have a high percentage of plant life found nowhere else on the planet.
2. It must have 30% or less of its original natural vegetation (It has to have lost at least 70% of its original habitat).

◾️ There are major four biodiversity hotspots in India:
1. Himalaya: Includes the entire Indian Himalayan region (and that falling in Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Myanmar).
2. Indo-Burma: Includes entire North-eastern India, except Assam and Andaman group of Islands (and Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and southern China)
3. Western Ghats and Sri Lanka: Includes entire Western Ghats (and Sri Lanka).
4. Sundalands: Includes Nicobar group of Islands (and Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines).

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Q. With reference to the implication of the proclamation of National emergency, consider the following statements:

1. The Centre can give executive directions to a state on any matter when an emergency is in force.
2. The Parliament can make laws on any subject mentioned in the State List as the legislative power of a state legislature is suspended.
3. Suspension of normal distribution of the legislative powers between the Centre and states extends only to a state where the Emergency is in operation.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+
▪️The Emergency provisions are contained in Part XVIII of the Constitution, from Articles 352 to 360. Under Article 352, the President can declare a national emergency when the security of India or a part of it is threatened by war or external aggression or armed rebellion.

▪️Statement 1 is correct. During a national emergency, the executive power of the Centre extends to directing any state regarding the manner in which its executive power is to be exercised. In normal times, the Centre can give executive directions to a state only on certain specified matters. However, during a national emergency, the Centre becomes entitled to give executive directions to a state on ‘any’ matter.

▪️Statement 2 is incorrect. During a national emergency, the Parliament becomes empowered to make laws on any subject mentioned in the State List. Although the legislative power of a state legislature is not suspended, it becomes subject to the overriding power of the Parliament. The laws made by Parliament on the state subjects during a National Emergency become inoperative six months after the emergency has ceased to operate.

▪️Statement 3 is incorrect. The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 provided that the suspension of normal distribution of the legislative powers between the Centre and states extends not only to a state where the Emergency is in operation but also to any other state.

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Q. How the Constitution of India ensures equality of all religions?

1. The government does not levy fees on religious endowments.
2. The State does not discriminate on the basis of religion in giving employment.
3. The State cannot interfere in religious matters of the people.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

▪️ Statement 1 is incorrect. In order to ensure equality of all religions, Government does not levy tax on the religious endowment. However, it levies fee, as levying a fee is not prohibited. Fee is used to control the secular administration and not to promote any religion.

▪️ Statement 2 is correct. Under the fundamental right of right to equality, Article 16 clearly guarantees that the Government will not discriminate on the basis of religion in giving employment .

▪️ Statement 3 is incorrect. Freedom of religion is subject to certain limitations. The government can impose restrictions on the practice of freedom of religion in order to protect public order, morality and health. This means that the freedom of religion is not an unlimited right. The government can interfere in religious matters for rooting out certain social evils. For example, in the past, the government has taken steps banning practices like sati, bigamy or human sacrifice.

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Q. Which of the following legal provisions give effect to some of the Fundamental Duties enshrined in the Constitution?

1. The Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972
2. The Representation of People Act of 1951
3. The Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act of 1971.