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Stone Chariot at Hampi:
▪️The chariot is actually a shrine dedicated to Garuda, built inside the Vittala Temple Complex.
▪️The massive sculpture of Garuda, Lord Vishnu’s escort once was seated atop the chariot but it is empty at the present date.
▪️The Hampi Chariot has earned its name among the other three famous stone chariots in India- One in Konark, Odissa, and the other in Mahabalipuram (Tamil Nadu).
▪️The chariot was built by King Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire during the 16th century, who got fascinated with the Konark Sun temple chariot while fighting a battle in Odisha.
▪️The chariot is meant to represent the beauty and artistic perfection of the Empire.
▪️It has come to have a sacrosanct presence and is internationally recognized as a world heritage site even by the UNESCO.

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Be logical and design your own UPSC strategy based on factors that together as a combination are personal and unique to you.
Some Youtubers will continue to promote such videos as they draw viewership even if it may not be beneficial for students.

https://samajho.com/upsc/the-el-nino-factor-forecasting-the-monsoon-4th-march-2023-upsc-daily-editorial-analysis/

The El Nino factor - Forecasting the monsoon | 4th March 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis

Q. Consider the following statements with respect to National Green Tribunal (NGT):

1. NGT is established under Environment Protection Act, 1986.
2. It has vested with powers to hear any matter relating to the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
3. The NGT is not bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.

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NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL (NGT):
▪️ NGT has been established under National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources including enforcement of any legal right relating to the environment and giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

▪️ The NGT is not bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.

▪️ NGT has the power to hear all civil cases relating to environmental issues and questions that are linked to the implementation of laws listed in Schedule I of the NGT act. These include the following:
- The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
- The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977
- The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
- The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
- The Environment Protection Act, 1986
- The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
- The Biological Diversity Act, 2002

▪️ This means that any violations pertaining only to these laws, or any order/decision taken by the Government under these laws can be challenged before the NGT.

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Q. With reference to Basel Convention, Consider the following statements:

1. This convention was adopted with the objective of protecting human health and the environment from Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
2. This convention came into force in 1992.

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Basel Convention:
▪️ Adopted on March 22, 1989, by the Conference of Plenipotentiaries in Basel, Switzerland, the “Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal”, generally known as the Basel Convention, came into force in 1992.
▪️ It is an international treaty that aims to reduce the movement of hazardous waste between countries.
▪️ It particularly focuses on preventing transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries.
▪️ It provides for cooperation between the parties, including the exchange of information on issues relevant to the implementation of the Convention.

▪️▪️The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) was adopted with the objective of protecting human health and the environment from POPs.

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https://samajho.com/upsc/plastic-waste-management-rules-2022/

Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2022

https://samajho.com/upsc/battery-waste-management-rules-2022/

Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022

Q. Consider the following statements about the 'Buddhist Councils':

1. In the First Buddhist Council, Sutta Pitaka and Vinaya Pitaka were compiled.
2. In the Second Buddhist Council, Abhidhamma Pitaka was compiled, completing the Tripitaka.
3. In the Third Buddhist Council, Buddhism was split up into Hinayana and Mahayana sects.

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Buddhism is a religion and philosophy grounded on the lessons of Gautam Buddha (Prince Siddhartha), who lived between 563 and 483 BCE. Buddhism spread all over the ancient Indian sub-continent and continued to spread into Southeast, East Asia, Central, and Eastern Europe.

First Buddhist Council- 400 BC:
◾️It was held soon after the Mahaparinirvan of the Buddha, around 483 BC under the patronage of King Ajatshatru, and was presided by Mahakasyapa, a monk.
◾️The council was held in the Sattapani cave at Rajgriha.
◾️The council was held with the purpose of preserving Buddha’s teachings (Sutta) and rules for disciples.
◾️During this council, the teachings of Buddha were divided into three Pitakas.
🟩Sutta Pitaka and Vinaya Pitaka were compiled in this council.

Second Buddhist Council- 383 BC:
◾️It was held in Vaishali, a village in Bihar under the patronage of king Kalasoka in 383 BC. It was presided by Sabakami.

Third Buddhist Council–250 BC:
◾️It was held in 250 BC in Patliputra under the patronage of Ashoka and was presided by Moggaliputta Tissa.
🟥The Abhidhamma Pitaka was composed here making the almost completion of the modern Pali Tipitaka.

Fourth Buddhist Council- 72 AD:
◾️It was held in 72 AD at Kundalvana, Kashmir. It was presided by Vasumitra, while Asvaghosa was his deputy under the patronage of King Kanishka of Kushan Empire.
🟥Buddhism was divided into two sects namely Mahayana and Hinayana.

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The Government of India Act, 1919:
◾️ It relaxed the central control over the provinces by demarcating and separating the central and provincial subjects.
- The central and provincial legislatures were authorized to make laws on their respective list of subjects.
- However, the structure of government continued to be centralized and unitary.

◾️It introduced, for the first time, bicameralism and direct elections in the country.
- Thus, the Indian Legislative Council was replaced by a bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper House (Council of State) and a Lower House (Legislative Assembly).
- The majority of members of both the Houses were chosen by direct election.

◾️It required that the three of the six members of the Viceroy’s Executive Council (other than the commander-in-chief) were to be Indian.

◾️It extended the principle of communal representation by providing separate electorates for Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, and Europeans.

◾️It granted franchise to a limited number of people on the basis of property, tax, or education.

🟩 It created a new office of the High Commissioner for India in London and transferred to him some of the functions hitherto performed by the Secretary of State for India.

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Q. Which of the following is/are included in the criteria to declare a region as a Biodiversity Hotspot:

1. Must contain 1500 species of vascular plants as endemics.
2. Have lost at least 70% of it primary vegetation.

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Criteria to declare a region as a Biodiversity Hotspot:
◾️ According to Conservation International, a region must fulfill the following two criteria to qualify as a hotspot:
1. It must have at least 1,500 vascular plants as endemics which are to say, it must have a high percentage of plant life found nowhere else on the planet.
2. It must have 30% or less of its original natural vegetation (It has to have lost at least 70% of its original habitat).

◾️ There are major four biodiversity hotspots in India:
1. Himalaya: Includes the entire Indian Himalayan region (and that falling in Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Myanmar).
2. Indo-Burma: Includes entire North-eastern India, except Assam and Andaman group of Islands (and Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and southern China)
3. Western Ghats and Sri Lanka: Includes entire Western Ghats (and Sri Lanka).
4. Sundalands: Includes Nicobar group of Islands (and Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines).

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FYI if you have a similar query.

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