https://samajho.com/upsc/international-courts-and-climate-change-an-advisory-opinion-of-icj-1st-march-2023-upsc-daily-editorial-analysis/

International courts and climate change - an advisory opinion of ICJ | 1st March 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis

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> The 42nd (and not 44th) Constitutional Amendment of 1976 added the provision that the proclamation of national emergency can be declared in a part of territory of India. A proclamation of national emergency thus may be applicable to the entire country or only a part of it.
> The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 enabled the president to limit the operation of a National Emergency to a specified part of India.
> The 44th Constitutional Amendment did the following changes in context to emergency:
1.The term “internal disturbance” was replaced by “armed rebellion” in respect of national emergency.
2. The President can declare a national emergency only on the written recommendation of the cabinet.
3. It provided that the fundamental rights guaranteed by Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended during a national emergency.


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> In Maneka Gandhi v Union of India (1978), the Supreme Court overruled its judgement in the Gopalan case by taking a wider interpretation of Article 21. It ruled that the right to life and personal liberty of a person can be deprived by law provided the procedure prescribed by that law is reasonable, fair and just.
> In other words, it has introduced the American expression ‘due process of law’. In effect, the protection under Article 21 should be available not only against arbitrary executive action but also against arbitrary legislative action. Further, the court held that the ‘right to life’ as embodied in
> Article 21 is not merely confined to animal existence or survival but it includes within its ambit the right to live with human dignity and all those aspects of life which go to make a man’s life meaningful, complete and worth living.

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Q. Consider the following statements:

1. Kuroshio cold current flows through the Bering Strait in southerly direction and thus transports cold water of the Arctic Sea into the Pacific Ocean.
2. The waters of the Oyashio Current originate in the Arctic Ocean and flow southward via the Bering Sea.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

> The Oyashio cold current is also known as Kurile cold current. This cold current flows through the Bering Strait in a southerly direction and thus transports cold water of the Arctic Sea into the Pacific Ocean.
> The Kuroshio System consists of several currents and drifts are similar to the Gulf Stream system of the Atlantic Ocean.
> The Kuroshio, also known as the Black or Japan Current or the Black Stream, is a north-flowing, warm ocean current on the west side of the North Pacific Ocean.
> Like the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic, the Kuroshio is a powerful western boundary current and forms the western limb of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre.
> The Oyashio cold current is also known as Kurile cold current. This cold current flows through the Bering Strait in a southerly direction and thus transports cold water of the Arctic Sea into the Pacific Ocean.
> The Kuroshio System consists of several currents and drifts are similar to the Gulf Stream system of the Atlantic Ocean.
> The Kuroshio , also known as the Black or Japan Current or the Black Stream, is a northflowing, warm ocean current on the west side of the North Pacific Ocean.
> Like the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic, the Kuroshio is a powerful western boundary current and forms the western limb of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre.

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Q. Consider the following statements:

1. Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog is constituted by NITI Aayog.
2. The Aayog is a high powered permanent apex advisory body.

https://samajho.com/upsc/searing-changes-rising-average-temperature-and-instances-of-heat-waves-in-india-2nd-march-2023-upsc-daily-editorial-analysis/

Searing changes - Rising average temperature and instances of heat waves in India | 2nd March 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis

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About the Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog:
◾️ Constituted in 2019, the Aayog is a high-powered permanent apex advisory body with the mandate to help the Central Government to develop appropriate programs for conservation, sustainable development, and genetic up-gradation of indigenous breeds of cows.
◾️ It comes under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying.
◾️ Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog will function as an integral part of the Rashtriya Gokul Mission.

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Q. Which of the following is/are the features of ‘Megalithic Burials’?

1. Dead were buried with distinctive pots called Black and Redware.
2. Burials sometimes yielded tools and weapons of iron.
3. Skeleton of horses, horse equipment are found at megalithic burials.

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All the given statements are correct.

◾️ Megaliths are spread across the Indian subcontinent, though the bulk of them are found in peninsular India, concentrated in the states of Maharashtra (mainly in Vidarbha), Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.

◾️ Megalithic culture finds several references in ancient Tamil Sangam literature. For instance, menhirs are referred to as nadukal.

◾️ Manimekalai (5th century AD), the famous Sangam epic, refers to the various kinds of burials namely cremation (cuṭuvōr), post excarnation burial burying the deceased in a pit (toṭukuḻip paṭuvōr), rock chamber or cist burial, urn burial en capped with lid.

◾️ All these burials have some common features. Generally, the dead were buried with distinctive pots, which are called Black and Red Ware. Also found are tools and weapons of iron and sometimes, skeletons of horses, horse equipment, and ornaments of stone and gold.

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Early Sangam Tamil poems speak of five ecozones. These are as follows:

1. 'Kurinji’ - Hill and forests
2. ‘Mullai’ - Pasture land with low hills and thin forests
3. ‘Marutam’ - Fertile agricultural plains
4. ‘Neytal’ – sea coasts
5. ‘Palai’ – arid zones

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Q. Consider the following statements with regarding the law of demand:

1. Veblen goods do not follow the law of demand.
2. Giffen goods follow the law of demand.

#Solution #Samajho #SPR+

Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is not correct.
◾️ Veblen and Giffen goods are special types of goods which do not follow the law of demand.

◾️ Law of demand states that the consumer's demand for a good is inversely related to the price of that good. Thus as price increases, demand falls.

◾️ For Veblen goods as price increases, demand also increases and vice versa. They are also called Snob Appeal Good. Examples: Diamonds, iPhone, Special Edition Goods, etc.

◾️ For Giffen goods as price increases, demand also increases and vice versa. They are inferior goods without any substitute. Examples: Potatoes, rice jowar, etc.

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