#Heat_Exchanger
✳️Heat Exchanger Parts and Functions:- Heat Exchanger is the most critical and important equipment of any Chemical Plant. It is used to transfer heat from one fluid to another by indirect contact of them. The design of the heat exchanger is very important to increase the efficiency of it. It contains so many different parts that are assembled to produce an efficient heat exchanger. “The heat is always transferred from hot fluid to cold fluid”. Different types of Heat Exchanger are available:

Shell & Tube HE

Plate Type HE

Double Pipe HE

U-Tube HE

Fixed Tube HE

Floating Tube HE

Air Cooled HE, etc…



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✳️Heat Exchanger Parts
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#Heat_Exchanger
✳️Heat Exchanger Parts

🔵SHELL

SHELL is the component of HE which keeps everything inside it. It is designed based on internal pressure. It has a diameter greater than Tubesheet Diameter. It is closed by head on both sides either flanged or welded. It is made up of metal.

🔵TUBES

TUBES are the second component that carries either hot or cold fluid. Based on the requirement the total number of tubes is decided. Different standard sizes of the tube are available in the market. MOC is selected based on shell and tube sheet material to eliminate galvanic corrosion.

The hot fluid is mostly kept on the tube side to use its heat completely and eliminate heat waste.

Two types of tube pitch are available one is Square which is used when the material is very corrosive and another is Triangular which is used when the material is clear.

🔵TUBESHEET

TUBESHEET is located on both sides of HE. Tubes are fastened on that. IN fixed tube HE TUBESHEET is fixed and can not be removed and in Floating tube HE It is removable for cleaning purposes.

🔵BAFFLES

BAFFLES are used in the heat exchanger to increase the turbulence of shell-side fluid that increases the heat transfer coefficient. It also gives support to tubes and keeps them in their position. Different types of baffles arrangements are available.

Segmental Baffles (Most popular)

Orifice Baffles

Disc and Donut type baffles

Baffle spacing which is nothing but the distance between two baffles is to be determined very carefully because it directly affects the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop.

The standard baffle cut is 15% to 40%.

🔵TIE ROD

TIE ROD is the same as the tube which is used to keep spacers on it.

🔵SPACERS

SPACERS are fixed on tie rod to keep baffles in their position and avoid vibration.

🔵NOZZLES

NOZZLES are given for both the fluids shell-side and tube-side. Two for inlet and two for an outlet.

🔵EXPANSION JOINT

EXPANSION JOINT is most useful when the high-temperature variation is given to HE. It will eliminate the expansion and contraction of the heat exchanger which will eliminate cracking of the shell.

🔵PASS PARTITION PLATE

PASS PARTITION PLATE is located on the head which will show the path to fluid in more than 1 pass heat exchangers.

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#Pump
✳️ Centrifugal Pump Start up Procedure
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✳️Centrifugal Pump Start up Procedure
- Pump is a device which is used to impart mechanical energy to liquids in order to transport them from one location to another. Essentially, pumps are devices which pressurize the liquid. They are run by motors; the shaft is connected to an impeller. It is the movement of the impeller which leads to the movement of the liquid.

🔵Centrifugal Pump Start up Procedure

1_ Ensure 1st the tag number of the pump to be commissioned is correct.

2_ Ensure all pending maintenance jobs (if start after maintenance or PM)

3_ Ensure all drain valve should be close.

4_ Ensure Pump’s motor energized condition from electrical side.

5_Ensure all utilities lined up in pump seal cooling or lube oil if available.

6_Ensure that the discharge valve of the pump is closed. If it may be open or partially open, then close it.

7_Open the suction valve 100%.

8_Do pump priming by opening the vent valve and to release the air, when liquid starts oozing out of the vent then close the vent valve.

9_Rotate the shaft by hand to see if it is moving freely or not.

10_Check if the pump is rotating in the correct direction or not by starting the pump motor.

11_Check if the discharge pressure is steady or not. If it is not steady, then more trapped gases will need to be released.

12_Check all MCMS (machine conditioning & monitoring system) parameter are normal or under range.

13_Check if there are any undesired noises or vibrations from the pump. If there is then maintenance personals need to be called for fixing it.

14_Check if there is any leakage in the pump or not. If there is any leakage then maintenance personals needs to be called for fixing it.

15_Switch off the motor.

16_If everything is okay then the pump can be started by opening the discharge valve and then starting the motor or signaling the control room to start the motor.
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#storage_tank

✳️ Pilot operated valve

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🟢Can any valve be used for controlling flow rate in a pump system, and what is the effect on water hammer?
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🟢Can any valve be used for controlling flow rate in a pump system, and what is the effect on water hammer?

Not all valves are well suited for controlling system flow rate. Image 1 compares the valve characteristics of various valves. You can see that the gate valve, based on its position, increases flow rate the fastest out of any of the other valves. Of the valves presented here, the plug valve provides the most consistent flow increase versus its valve position, which is ideal for throttling. In this case, a gate valve would not be good for flow control because of the lack of linear control over the flow.

Overall, the performance and characteristics of each valve will affect the magnitude of any transients developed by valve closures and openings. It is important to consider rate of flow change versus valve position and control the closure rate of the valve such that the effects of system transients (water hammer) are reduced.
In Image 2, we have a comparison of some common valves where each valve closes over 60 seconds. The middle chart shows the pressure rising immediately upstream. The globe valve has the minimum pressure rise because the characteristics of the globe valve shown in the image above are more linear than either the butterfly or ball valve.

You can see in Image 1 that the characteristic curve of the ball valve is relatively flat coming from the bottom, with anything less than 40% open having very little effect on the flow rate. Without much change in flow until about 55 seconds, there is significant decrease in flow over the last five seconds of closure, which results in a rapid change in velocity and a high pressure change upstream. Using the ball valve would result in the greatest likeliness of a water hammer effect. This sudden rise in pressure can be damaging to equipment within the system.

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Frangible Roof:
As per API 650----5.10.2.6 Frangible Roof: A roof is considered frangible ( 5.8.5 for emergency venting requirement) if the roof-to-shell joint will fail prior to the shell-to-bottom joint in the event of excessive internal pressure.

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