✳️ Packed column versus Tray column
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✳️Packed column versus Tray column

Selection of plate column or packed column can be done on the following basis :

🔴Plate columns
1_ Plate columns can handle wide range of gas and liquid flow rates.
2_ Plate efficiency can be predicted more accurately
3_ Plate column operation is considerably smooth.
4_ Cooling arrangement can be provided in plate column.
5_ Plate column provide stage wise contact.
6_ When the liquid cause fouling or deposition of solids, even though the tray is blocked up, it is easier to clean it and manholes can be provided over the plate.

🔴Packed column
1_ Packed columns are more suitable for low capacity operations.
2_ Packed columns are particularly useful in the field of vacuum distillation. Here column pressure drop is of paramount importance to minimize the pressure and temperature at the bottom of the column.
3_ For separating heat sensitive materials packed columns are useful because the liquid hold up is low.
4_ When corrosion is a problem packing may be the only answer.
5_ Pressure drop per unit length is less in packed column.
6_ Packed column provides continuous contact between the vapor and liquid phases.
7_ Packed columns are suitable for handling foaming system.
8_Modern high capacity pickings are available in practically any material.
9_ Total weight of packed column is less due to use of low weight and high capacity packing.

🔴⚠️Disadvantages
🔴Plate columns
1_ Foaming system reduces the performance of plate columns. Anti foaming agents can be made use of to suppress the foam.
2_ Liquid hold up is very high. Therefore pressure drop is very high.
3_ For corrosive liquids, cost of plate column is too high due to use of corrosion resistant material.
4_ Supporting structure required is costly.
🔴Packed column
1_ HETP and HTU prediction may not be very accurate.
2_ Packed columns are not suitable for very low liquid rates.
3_ Provision of cooling arrangement is difficult in packed columns.
4_ Removal of side stream is not possible in packed column.
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#Process
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#Compressor
✳️Reciprocating compressor animation (Part 5)
✳️ ویدئوی آموزشی کمپرسورهای رفت و برگشتی( قسمت پنجم) مطابق با جزوات API
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#Turbinr

🔴 ویدئوی آموزشی سیستم کنترل توربین بخار
✳️ Turbine control system

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✳️ Floating head versus U tube heat exchanger
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✳️Floating head versus U tube heat exchanger

🔵U tube heat exchanger

 The tube bundle consists U shaped tubes. Both ends of U tube are fixed in the same tube sheet. Thermal expansion resulting due to the temperature difference between

shell and tube material is taken care off by U bends. U tubes can expand or contract freely and uniformly. It performs the same function as floating head. It also reduces the number of joints

✅Advantages:

Initial cost is low.

Internal gasket is eliminated.

Only one tube sheet is required.

Tube bundle can be removed for cleaning and inspection.

By passing of shell side fluid is minimum due to minimum clearance between the shell and outer most tubes,

It is easy to clean channel, tube side headers. Gaskets can be easily replaced.

🚫Disadvantages

Tube inner surface can be cleaned by chemical means only.

.Individual tube replacement is difficult.

Less number of tubes can be fixed on tube sheet because of U bends.

Tube side passes can not be increased or decreased.

Tube side velocity can initiate corrosion on the inside of bends.

🔵Floating head heat exchanger

_ Split back ring type

_ Pull through bundle type

_ Outside packed Lantern ring type

_ Outside packed stuffing box type

Split back ring type unit is more commonly used in industries. In this type of construction straight tubes are fixed at both ends in stationary and floating tube sheets. Floating head is fitted to the tube sheet which is away from the channel. Floating head is held in position by a split backing ring so that dismantling is possible. Floating tube sheet diameter is kept slightly smaller than the inner shell diameter so that the entire tube bundle can be removed from the channel end. The shell is closed by a bonnet on the floating head side.

Advantages are that tube bundle can be removed for inspection and cleaning. Tubes can be replaced if damaged. Any number of tube side passes can be employed.

In this unit gasketted joints are very large, therefore it is costly. It is used below 70 kg/cm- pressures. Above these pressures floating head gasket may start leaking. Floating head heat exchangers are suitable for heavy duties associated with high temperature and pressure and large temperature differences. Fouling fluids can be handled because cleaning of tubes from inside and outside is possible. These units are widely used in petrochemical plants and chemical industries.

✅Advantages

Tube bundle can be removed for inspection.

Mechanical cleaning of the outer surface of tubes is easily possible.

Since tubes are straight, individual tubes can be replaced. Inside tube surface can be

cleaned without removing the tube bundle.

No limitation on number of tube side passes.

🚫Disadvantages

It is very costly.

It has a large number of gasket joints.
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#Heat_Exchanger
✳️Heat Exchanger Parts and Functions:- Heat Exchanger is the most critical and important equipment of any Chemical Plant. It is used to transfer heat from one fluid to another by indirect contact of them. The design of the heat exchanger is very important to increase the efficiency of it. It contains so many different parts that are assembled to produce an efficient heat exchanger. “The heat is always transferred from hot fluid to cold fluid”. Different types of Heat Exchanger are available:

Shell & Tube HE

Plate Type HE

Double Pipe HE

U-Tube HE

Fixed Tube HE

Floating Tube HE

Air Cooled HE, etc…



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✳️Heat Exchanger Parts
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#Heat_Exchanger
✳️Heat Exchanger Parts

🔵SHELL

SHELL is the component of HE which keeps everything inside it. It is designed based on internal pressure. It has a diameter greater than Tubesheet Diameter. It is closed by head on both sides either flanged or welded. It is made up of metal.

🔵TUBES

TUBES are the second component that carries either hot or cold fluid. Based on the requirement the total number of tubes is decided. Different standard sizes of the tube are available in the market. MOC is selected based on shell and tube sheet material to eliminate galvanic corrosion.

The hot fluid is mostly kept on the tube side to use its heat completely and eliminate heat waste.

Two types of tube pitch are available one is Square which is used when the material is very corrosive and another is Triangular which is used when the material is clear.

🔵TUBESHEET

TUBESHEET is located on both sides of HE. Tubes are fastened on that. IN fixed tube HE TUBESHEET is fixed and can not be removed and in Floating tube HE It is removable for cleaning purposes.

🔵BAFFLES

BAFFLES are used in the heat exchanger to increase the turbulence of shell-side fluid that increases the heat transfer coefficient. It also gives support to tubes and keeps them in their position. Different types of baffles arrangements are available.

Segmental Baffles (Most popular)

Orifice Baffles

Disc and Donut type baffles

Baffle spacing which is nothing but the distance between two baffles is to be determined very carefully because it directly affects the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop.

The standard baffle cut is 15% to 40%.

🔵TIE ROD

TIE ROD is the same as the tube which is used to keep spacers on it.

🔵SPACERS

SPACERS are fixed on tie rod to keep baffles in their position and avoid vibration.

🔵NOZZLES

NOZZLES are given for both the fluids shell-side and tube-side. Two for inlet and two for an outlet.

🔵EXPANSION JOINT

EXPANSION JOINT is most useful when the high-temperature variation is given to HE. It will eliminate the expansion and contraction of the heat exchanger which will eliminate cracking of the shell.

🔵PASS PARTITION PLATE

PASS PARTITION PLATE is located on the head which will show the path to fluid in more than 1 pass heat exchangers.

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#Pump
✳️ Centrifugal Pump Start up Procedure
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