#Compressor
✳️ انیمیشن بسیار مفید جهت آموزش نحوه عملکرد Suction valve و discharge valve ها در کمپرسورهای رفت و برگشتی
🔴 کانال تخصصی آموزش تجهیزات فرآیندی و پالایشگاهی
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#Compressor
✳️ ویدئوی آموزشی کمپرسورهای رفت و برگشتی( قسمت دوم) مطابق با جزوات API
🔴 کانال تخصصی آموزش تجهیزات فرآیندی و پالایشگاهی
@Refinerytraining
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#Compressor
✳️ ویدئوی آموزشی کمپرسورهای رفت و برگشتی( قسمت سوم) مطابق با جزوات API
🔴 کانال تخصصی آموزش تجهیزات فرآیندی و پالایشگاهی
@Refinerytraining
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#Process
#Safety

✳️ انیمیشن بسیار بسیار مفید تحلیل حادثه انفجار در پالایشگاه Husky
🔴 تهیه شده توسط CSB

🔴کانال تخصصی آموزش فرآیند و تجهیزات پالایشگاهی

@Refinerytraining

#Process
#Safety

✳️ انیمیشن بسیار بسیار مفید تحلیل حادثه انفجار در واحد VCM شرکت Formosa
🔴 تهیه شده توسط CSB

🔴کانال تخصصی آموزش فرآیند و تجهیزات پالایشگاهی

@Refinerytraining

#Compressor
✳️ ویدئوی آموزشی کمپرسورهای رفت و برگشتی( قسمت چهارم) مطابق با جزوات API
🔴 کانال تخصصی آموزش تجهیزات فرآیندی و پالایشگاهی
@Refinerytraining
https://telegram.me/joinchat/BPcqEj6oILuNjxCzl0Qhsg

#Compressor
✳️ انیمیشن بسیار مفید جهت آشنایی با Loading. Valve کمپرسورهای رفت و برگشتی

🔴Catalyst Types and Loading Methods:-

#Catalyst
✳️Catalyst Types and Loading Methods:- Catalysts are materials which are added in a chemical reaction in order to increase the rate or the speed at which the reaction is occurring. Every reaction proceeds with a path or a mechanism called the reaction mechanism. Every reaction mechanism has a particular activation energy associated with it. The activation energy of a chemical reaction is the minimum amounts of energy required to take the reactants to the condition in which they will start reacting with each other hence carry out a chemical reaction. If this amount of energy is not available then no chemical reaction will happen. Introduction of catalysts in a chemical reaction results in a different path or a different mechanism whose associated activation energy is much smaller than that of the path or the mechanism without the catalyst.

When a catalyst is introduced in a chemical reaction, the reaction proceeds with both the path but majority of reactants follow the path which corresponds to lower activation energy. The complete amount of catalyst used during the reaction is recovered at the end of the reaction after the reaction gets completed. The catalysts can be of same phase as the reactant, the reaction process is then called homogeneous catalysis. If the catalysts are of different phase than the reactants then the reaction process is called heterogeneous catalysis.

✳️Types of Catalysts
Homogeneous Catalysts:
The catalysts belong to the same phase as that of the reactants due to which when the catalyst is introduced in the chemical reaction it mixes very easily with the reactants due to which the interaction between them leads to high selectivity and high activity. The reaction mechanism of such catalysts is generally well understood. The catalyst regeneration is generally difficult because the separation of constituents is itself difficult.

Heterogeneous Catalyst:
They catalysts do not belong to the same phase as that of the reactants. They are the most common type of catalysts used in industries because when they are introduced in a chemical reaction it is much easier to separate them and recover the products and the catalysts as well. They are available in powdered form, in granules and also supported on carriers. The benefit of using the catalysts in powdered form is that large surface area is available for reaction. The disadvantage is that smaller particles tend to agglomerate due to which they lose their catalytic tendencies. It can be solved if the catalysts are dispersed onto the carriers. They have relatively low activity and selectivity. The underlying reaction mechanism is not well understood.

Bio catalysts:
The natural biological catalysts such as enzymes and nucleic acids are used in industries to carry out chemical reactions. They are gaining popularity over conventional catalysts in industries because of high activity, high reactivity and the easiness in separating products and also the catalyst regeneration is optional in nature.

Catalyst Loading Methods
Vacuum Loading:
The catalysts are first put in the hopper and then they are pneumatically conveyed inside the reactor.
Loading directly from Big Bags:
The catalysts are placed in bags and the bags are lifted with the help of cranes. They are made to pass through dust containment system before they are dropped in reactor.

Dense Loading:
A device is used to spread the catalyst evenly in the reactor in order to reduce void space and to reduce channelling. Either rotating equipment or a propellant can be used.

Sock Loading:
A discharge pipe is connected to the nozzle of hopper and a flexible sock is attached to other end of the pipe. The sock ensures that the pipe is always full of catalysts.

Tube Reactor Loading:
The tubes in the reactor are directly filled with catalysts using manpower. It is a labour intensive job.

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🔴Difference Between PSV and PRV

#PSV
#Valve
🔴Difference Between PSV and PRV
Pressure Safety Valves (PSV) are also commonly referred to as simply Safety Valves. They are used to relieve pressure from equipments operating Gases. Generally the valve opens suddenly, at an instant.

Pressure Relief Valves (PRV) are also commonly referred to as simply Relief Valves. They are a type of Safety Valve. They are used to relieve pressure from equipments operating Liquids. Generally the valve opens relatively gradually and proportionally.

The function of both PSV and PRV is that they relieve the excess pressure from the system by opening automatically and they get closed automatically when the pressure in the system normalizes.
The most common type of safety valves used in industries is spring loaded safety valve.

The valve has a spring which is attached to adjusting screw. The screw can be adjusted to compress the spring thus imparting flexibility in adjusting the spring force. The spring is attached to a disc using a spindle. The location of the disk is where the fluid enters the valve when the system is over pressurized.

If the pressure force is less than the spring force then the fluid will not be able to move the disc. Such condition represents normal operating condition. If the pressure force is equal to the spring force then the disc starts to move. The fluid enters from the equipment to the valve and starts moving out of the system.

In case of PSV, when the pressure force becomes greater than the spring force the valve opens instantly and a ‘pop’ sound occurs whereas the PRV opens proportionally to the increasing pressure. It can be said that the opening is relatively gradual as compared to PSV.

The escaping fluid results in decrease of the pressure. When the pressure force becomes smaller than the spring force again then the disc returns to the same location again and seals the equipment.

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✳️ Packed column versus Tray column
👇👇👇👇👇

✳️Packed column versus Tray column

Selection of plate column or packed column can be done on the following basis :

🔴Plate columns
1_ Plate columns can handle wide range of gas and liquid flow rates.
2_ Plate efficiency can be predicted more accurately
3_ Plate column operation is considerably smooth.
4_ Cooling arrangement can be provided in plate column.
5_ Plate column provide stage wise contact.
6_ When the liquid cause fouling or deposition of solids, even though the tray is blocked up, it is easier to clean it and manholes can be provided over the plate.

🔴Packed column
1_ Packed columns are more suitable for low capacity operations.
2_ Packed columns are particularly useful in the field of vacuum distillation. Here column pressure drop is of paramount importance to minimize the pressure and temperature at the bottom of the column.
3_ For separating heat sensitive materials packed columns are useful because the liquid hold up is low.
4_ When corrosion is a problem packing may be the only answer.
5_ Pressure drop per unit length is less in packed column.
6_ Packed column provides continuous contact between the vapor and liquid phases.
7_ Packed columns are suitable for handling foaming system.
8_Modern high capacity pickings are available in practically any material.
9_ Total weight of packed column is less due to use of low weight and high capacity packing.

🔴⚠️Disadvantages
🔴Plate columns
1_ Foaming system reduces the performance of plate columns. Anti foaming agents can be made use of to suppress the foam.
2_ Liquid hold up is very high. Therefore pressure drop is very high.
3_ For corrosive liquids, cost of plate column is too high due to use of corrosion resistant material.
4_ Supporting structure required is costly.
🔴Packed column
1_ HETP and HTU prediction may not be very accurate.
2_ Packed columns are not suitable for very low liquid rates.
3_ Provision of cooling arrangement is difficult in packed columns.
4_ Removal of side stream is not possible in packed column.
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#Process
🔴 کانال تخصصی آموزش تجهیزات فرآیندی و پالایشگاهی
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#Compressor
✳️Reciprocating compressor animation (Part 5)
✳️ ویدئوی آموزشی کمپرسورهای رفت و برگشتی( قسمت پنجم) مطابق با جزوات API
🔴 کانال تخصصی آموزش تجهیزات فرآیندی و پالایشگاهی
@Refinerytraining
https://telegram.me/joinchat/BPcqEj6oILuNjxCzl0Qhsg