Exercise ECG is not useful in patients with:
1) Conduction abnormalities: e.g. LBBB.
2) Resting ECG abnormalities like ST segment depression of ˃ 1 mm.
3) WPWS
4) Those with ventricular pacing rhythm.
5) Those on digoxin.

#Cardiology

Sudden cardiac death (SCD):
-It is an unexpected death due to cardiac causes that occurs in a short time period (generally within 1 hour of symptom onset) in a person with known or unknown cardiac disease.

#Cardiology

8 Hand Findings of Cirrhosis: 🤚

1. Palmar Erythema

2. Dupuytren's Contracture

3. Asterixis

4. Terry's Nails

5. Clubbing

6. Spider Angiomas

7. Muscle Wasting

8. Leukonychia

#Liver

💊6 Clinical Uses of ACE Inhibitors:

1⃣ Hypertension

2⃣ Heart failure

3⃣ Diabetic nephropathy

4⃣ In patients at risk of ischemic heart disease

5⃣ Following myocardial infarction; especially with ventricular dysfunction

6⃣ Chronic renal insufficiency, to prevent progression.

#Cardiology

Oral P2Y12 Inhibitor Pharmacology

Diagnostic algorithm of different causes of Ascites.

#Liver

Diagnostic algorithm of persistent thrombocytosis.

#Hematology

Management algorithm of ADHF
Acute decompensated heart failure



#Cardiology

Suspected stroke algorithm approach (diagnosis &management)

#Neurology

•The most important consequence of portal hypertension is variceal bleeding, which commonly arises from oesophageal varices located within 3–5 cm of the gastro-oesophageal junction, or from gastric varices.

•Risk Factors for Bleeding in Varices:

-The size of the varices
-Endoscopic variceal features such as red spots and stripes,
-High portal pressure and
-Liver failure are all general factors that predispose to bleeding.
-Drugs capable of causing mucosal erosion, such as salicylates and NSAIDs, can also precipitate bleeding. Variceal bleeding is often severe, and recurrent if preventative treatment is not given.

#Liver

-Banding is best suited to the treatment of Oesophageal varices
-It is associated with a lower risk of oesophageal perforation or stricturing than sclerotherapy.
-Prophylactic acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors reduces the risk of secondary bleeding from banding induced ulceration.

#Liver

4 Important Clinical Feature Of Carcinoid syndrome:

-Wheezing
-Diarrhoea
-Flushing
-Right sided Valvular heart lesion

#USMLE
#GIT

-Panacinar emphysema is in ATT deficiency (in contrast to centriacinar emphysema in smoking-related emphysema).

#Respiratory

-The diagnosis of AAT deficiency should be considered in all patients with emphysema under the age of 50 years.

#Respiratory

Remember:

Antihypertensives & New-onset DM:

-Beta blockers & thiazide diuretics increase the risk of new-onset DM.

-ACEi &ARBs reduce the risk of new onset-DM.

-Calcium channels blockers are NEUTRAL.

#Cardiology
#Diabetes

-Hepatitis D virus has the highest mortality in all peoples, exept in pregnant women hepatitis E is the most lethal.

#Liver

Remember:


-Sublingual captopril can be used as an effective, easily applicable and safe treatment in the management of hypertensive urgency for 120 minutes for those who do not receive multidrug antihypertensive regimens.


#Cardiology

Remember:


-The drugs of choice in treating patients with a hypertensive crisis and eclampsia or pre-eclampsia are hydralazine, labetalol, and nicardipine .

-Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, direct renin inhibitors, and sodium nitroprusside are contraindicated in treating these patients.

#Cardiology

Remember:


-Causes of reverse splitting of S2:
LBBB, Aortic stenosis, WPW type B and PDA.

#Cardiology

Remember:

-Causes of wide splitting of S2:
include
RBBB, deep isnpiration, pulmonary stenosis and mitral regurgitation.

#Cardiology