In case of Aortic stenosis:
-Milder degrees of stenosis may be difficult to distinguish from aortic sclerosis, in which the valve is thickened or calcified but not obstructed.
-Patients with impaired left ventricular function, velocities across the aortic valve may be diminished because of a reduced stroke volume; this is called low-flow aortic stenosis.
#Cardiology
-Milder degrees of stenosis may be difficult to distinguish from aortic sclerosis, in which the valve is thickened or calcified but not obstructed.
-Patients with impaired left ventricular function, velocities across the aortic valve may be diminished because of a reduced stroke volume; this is called low-flow aortic stenosis.
#Cardiology
Remember:
-Most common cause of painless hematuria in male above 50 yrs is transitional cell carcinoma of bladder.
-Most common cause of painless hematuria in male above 50 yrs is transitional cell carcinoma of bladder.
•Intrauterine Infections: Causes《Cataract》In Newborns:
-Rubella
-Herpes simplex
-Varicella
-Toxoplasmosis
-Syphilis
#USMLE
#Pediatrics
-Rubella
-Herpes simplex
-Varicella
-Toxoplasmosis
-Syphilis
#USMLE
#Pediatrics
Hypothyroidisim causes diastolic HTN secondary to hyperchlostrolaemia&
Mps deposition with vesseles stifness
Hyperthyroidisim causes systolic HTN due to sympathetic over activity
Mps deposition with vesseles stifness
Hyperthyroidisim causes systolic HTN due to sympathetic over activity
•Why do patients with Rheumatoid arthritis develop exudative pleural effusions with low glucose?
-Due to Glucose consumption by inflammatory cells: Inflammatory cells that accumulate in the pleural space often consume glucose as a source of energy. This increased glucose consumption by the inflammatory cells can lead to a decrease in glucose levels within the pleural fluid.
#Rheumatology
-Due to Glucose consumption by inflammatory cells: Inflammatory cells that accumulate in the pleural space often consume glucose as a source of energy. This increased glucose consumption by the inflammatory cells can lead to a decrease in glucose levels within the pleural fluid.
#Rheumatology
•A lower left sternal border systolic murmur:
VSD vs TR vs HOCM
-TR 👉🏼intensity increases with inspiration ( Carvallo sign ) and there would be systolic neck vein expansion .
-HOCM 👉🏼 Intensity increases with standing or Valsalva and associated with double apical beat and bified carotid pulse .
-VSD 👉🏼Harsh pan systolic murmur with possible hyperdynamic apex , accentuated S2 ,and right ventricular heave.
#Cardiology
VSD vs TR vs HOCM
-TR 👉🏼intensity increases with inspiration ( Carvallo sign ) and there would be systolic neck vein expansion .
-HOCM 👉🏼 Intensity increases with standing or Valsalva and associated with double apical beat and bified carotid pulse .
-VSD 👉🏼Harsh pan systolic murmur with possible hyperdynamic apex , accentuated S2 ,and right ventricular heave.
#Cardiology
Neurological findings in B12 deficiency
1-Peripheral nerves:
• Glove and stocking paraesthesiae
• Loss of ankle reflexes
2-Spinal cord:
• Subacute combined degeneration of the cord:
Posterior columns –diminished vibration sensation and proprioception
Corticospinal tracts – upper motor neuron signs
3-Cerebrum:
• Dementia
• Optic atrophy
4-Autonomic neuropathy.
#Hematology
#Anemia
1-Peripheral nerves:
• Glove and stocking paraesthesiae
• Loss of ankle reflexes
2-Spinal cord:
• Subacute combined degeneration of the cord:
Posterior columns –diminished vibration sensation and proprioception
Corticospinal tracts – upper motor neuron signs
3-Cerebrum:
• Dementia
• Optic atrophy
4-Autonomic neuropathy.
#Hematology
#Anemia
Note:
-Increased ferritin does not rule out iron deficiencyanemia. It can be increased in response to simultaneous inflammation.
#Hematology
#Anemia
-Increased ferritin does not rule out iron deficiencyanemia. It can be increased in response to simultaneous inflammation.
#Hematology
#Anemia
Remember:
-In combination with an elevated TIBC, low ferritinand iron levels are diagnostic of iron deficiency anemia.
#Hematology
#Anemia
-In combination with an elevated TIBC, low ferritinand iron levels are diagnostic of iron deficiency anemia.
#Hematology
#Anemia
Iron deficiency:
-Ferritin is the parameter of choice in diagnosing iron deficiency.
#Hematology
#Anemia
-Ferritin is the parameter of choice in diagnosing iron deficiency.
#Hematology
#Anemia
Leukemoid reaction
Definition
-Reactive leukocytosis: cell hyperplasia withproliferation of myeloid or lymphoid elements.
-Characterized by an increased leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) score
Causes:
-Infections (predominantly bacterial, e.g.,pertussis)
-Severe purulent conditions (e.g., perforated appendicitis)
Drugs:
-Associated with certain solid tumors (e.g., lung cancer, renal cancer)
#Hematology
Definition
-Reactive leukocytosis: cell hyperplasia withproliferation of myeloid or lymphoid elements.
-Characterized by an increased leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) score
Causes:
-Infections (predominantly bacterial, e.g.,pertussis)
-Severe purulent conditions (e.g., perforated appendicitis)
Drugs:
-Associated with certain solid tumors (e.g., lung cancer, renal cancer)
#Hematology
Leukoerythroblastic reaction
Definition:
-The presence of immature and/or abnormal cells : e.g. nucleated red blood cells; in the peripheral blood
Causes:
Bone marrow infiltration or fibrosis (e.g.,myelofibrosis, bone marrow metastasis)
#Hematology
Definition:
-The presence of immature and/or abnormal cells : e.g. nucleated red blood cells; in the peripheral blood
Causes:
Bone marrow infiltration or fibrosis (e.g.,myelofibrosis, bone marrow metastasis)
#Hematology
-Beta-blockers are effective in preventing cardiac events in approximately 70% of patients with long QT syndrome .
#Cardiology
#Cardiology
•Upper sternal border murmur:
AS vs PS murmur
-AS 👉🏼 decrease with standing and radiates to carotid artery . May be maximum at apex ( Gallaverdin sign).
-PS 👉🏼 maximum on pulmonary area and spread to left infraclavicular area .
#Cardiology
AS vs PS murmur
-AS 👉🏼 decrease with standing and radiates to carotid artery . May be maximum at apex ( Gallaverdin sign).
-PS 👉🏼 maximum on pulmonary area and spread to left infraclavicular area .
#Cardiology