Nipple retraction !
Nipple retention is not always due to malignancy as some benign conditions such as " mammary duct ectasia " can cause it as well , remember that it's important to exclude malignancy in any suspicious case .
◼Simple nipple inversion is retraction of the nipple which occurs at puberty and of unknown aetiology .
Inverted nipple could be problematic during lactation as it predispose to infections owing to retention of secretions.
Mechanical suction devices could be used to evert the nipples with suction of retained milk .
Recent retraction of the nipples could be of pathological significance.
◼Slit like retraction of the nipple may be due to mammary duct ectasia and chronic periductal mastitis .
◼Circumferential retraction with or without an underlying lump may well indicate and underlying Carcinoma!
#Breast
Nipple retention is not always due to malignancy as some benign conditions such as " mammary duct ectasia " can cause it as well , remember that it's important to exclude malignancy in any suspicious case .
◼Simple nipple inversion is retraction of the nipple which occurs at puberty and of unknown aetiology .
Inverted nipple could be problematic during lactation as it predispose to infections owing to retention of secretions.
Mechanical suction devices could be used to evert the nipples with suction of retained milk .
Recent retraction of the nipples could be of pathological significance.
◼Slit like retraction of the nipple may be due to mammary duct ectasia and chronic periductal mastitis .
◼Circumferential retraction with or without an underlying lump may well indicate and underlying Carcinoma!
#Breast
Polythelia ( supernumerary nipples ) :
It's not uncommon for human to have more than two nipples , they occur along the " Milk line " which extends from the anterior axillary fold to the fold of the groin .
There's no known limit to the number of nipples that could be present in such case .
#Breast
It's not uncommon for human to have more than two nipples , they occur along the " Milk line " which extends from the anterior axillary fold to the fold of the groin .
There's no known limit to the number of nipples that could be present in such case .
#Breast
-Mammography is superior to MRI in DCIS ( Ductal carcinoma in situ )
Supiculated micro calcifications seen only by mammograhy .
#Breast
Supiculated micro calcifications seen only by mammograhy .
#Breast
-Breast cancer is the Most common cancer in female .
So always keep it in mind and try to exclude it in any patient presenting with a breast mass and you must perform Triple assessment .
1. Clinical assessment of the mass
2. Imaging ( mammography / ultrasonography )
3. Biopsy ( FNAC / corecut ) .
#Breast
So always keep it in mind and try to exclude it in any patient presenting with a breast mass and you must perform Triple assessment .
1. Clinical assessment of the mass
2. Imaging ( mammography / ultrasonography )
3. Biopsy ( FNAC / corecut ) .
#Breast
In Breast imaging
•Mammography :
-It's a soft tissue radiograph taken by placing the breast in direct contact with ultra ultrasensitive film and exposing it to Low-voltage High amperage X-ray.
-The dose of radiation is Low so it's considered very safe Investigation.
The sensitivity of mammography Increases with increased age ( less dense breast tissue ) .
-5% of breast cancer's are missed on mammographic screening programs even retrospectively.
#Breast
•Mammography :
-It's a soft tissue radiograph taken by placing the breast in direct contact with ultra ultrasensitive film and exposing it to Low-voltage High amperage X-ray.
-The dose of radiation is Low so it's considered very safe Investigation.
The sensitivity of mammography Increases with increased age ( less dense breast tissue ) .
-5% of breast cancer's are missed on mammographic screening programs even retrospectively.
#Breast
-The use of isotope scanning is routinely Indicated when nodularity is associated with toxicity.
#Thyroid
The risk of a discrete of isolated thyroid malignancy in a Male is 4 folds that of a female.
That's why it's forbidden for a male to have isolated thyroid swelling.
#Thyroid
That's why it's forbidden for a male to have isolated thyroid swelling.
#Thyroid
-All patients with GBS should be given subcutaneous fractionated or unfractionated heparin and support stockings until they are able to walk independently to prevent deep vein thrombosis.
#Neurology
#Neurology
-Botulinum toxin is so potent that you need only a taste of contaminated food to kill you .. as little as 0.05 micrograms would kill you.
-But How it does that ?
Well , it does so by irreversibly binding and sticking to your cholinergic nerve terminals , no Acetylcholine would be released , you will be paralysed from Up downwards " descending paralysis " eventually reaching the muscles responsible for your respiration leading to death from respiratory failure all that and the toxin only acts peripherally as it Doesn't cross the Blood Brain Barrier.
#Infections
-But How it does that ?
Well , it does so by irreversibly binding and sticking to your cholinergic nerve terminals , no Acetylcholine would be released , you will be paralysed from Up downwards " descending paralysis " eventually reaching the muscles responsible for your respiration leading to death from respiratory failure all that and the toxin only acts peripherally as it Doe
#Infections
Remember:
-Most lethal bacterial toxin in the world is Botulinum toxin.
-The second most lethal bacterial toxin in the world is Tetanoplasmin toxin.
#Infections
-Most lethal bacterial toxin in the world is Botulinum toxin.
-The second most lethal bacterial toxin in the world is Tetanoplasmin toxin.
#Infections
In case of Aortic stenosis:
-Milder degrees of stenosis may be difficult to distinguish from aortic sclerosis, in which the valve is thickened or calcified but not obstructed.
-Patients with impaired left ventricular function, velocities across the aortic valve may be diminished because of a reduced stroke volume; this is called low-flow aortic stenosis.
#Cardiology
-Milder degrees of stenosis may be difficult to distinguish from aortic sclerosis, in which the valve is thickened or calcified but not obstructed.
-Patients with impaired left ventricular function, velocities across the aortic valve may be diminished because of a reduced stroke volume; this is called low-flow aortic stenosis.
#Cardiology
Remember:
-Most common cause of painless hematuria in male above 50 yrs is transitional cell carcinoma of bladder.
-Most common cause of painless hematuria in male above 50 yrs is transitional cell carcinoma of bladder.
•Intrauterine Infections: Causes《Cataract》In Newborns:
-Rubella
-Herpes simplex
-Varicella
-Toxoplasmosis
-Syphilis
#USMLE
#Pediatrics
-Rubella
-Herpes simplex
-Varicella
-Toxoplasmosis
-Syphilis
#USMLE
#Pediatrics
Hypothyroidisim causes diastolic HTN secondary to hyperchlostrolaemia&
Mps deposition with vesseles stifness
Hyperthyroidisim causes systolic HTN due to sympathetic over activity
Mps deposition with vesseles stifness
Hyperthyroidisim causes systolic HTN due to sympathetic over activity