-Amiodarone is an Antiarrhythmic drug , however a major side effect of it is thyroid gland impairment .
#Thyroid
#Thyroid
Most important features of congenital Cytomegalovirus infection :
1) It is the most common congenital infection acquired transplacentally.
2) It is a leading cause of microcephaly and mental retardation worldwide.
3) It is a leading cause of sensorineural hearing loss due to a congenital infection worldwide.
4) It can occur if the mother is chronically infected or have reactivated infection or if she was infected primarily with CMV, or if she gets infected with a new strain of CMV.
5) The commonest sources of maternal CMV infection is sexual contacts or contacts with young children.
6) The time of gestational age does not affect the risk of fetal transmission "e.g in Toxoplasmosis, the more advanced is the gestational age, the higher is the risk of fetal transmission, this is related to the amount of placental blood flow" ,, the risk of fetal transmission is near 35% if the mother acquire a primary CMV infection.
7) The severity of congenital CMV infection increases with decreasing gestational age.
#Infections
1) It is the most common congenital infection acquired transplacentally.
2) It is a leading cause of microcephaly and mental retardation worldwide.
3) It is a leading cause of sensorineural hearing loss due to a congenital infection worldwide.
4) It can occur if the mother is chronically infected or have reactivated infection or if she was infected primarily with CMV, or if she gets infected with a new strain of CMV.
5) The commonest sources of maternal CMV infection is sexual contacts or contacts with young children.
6) The time of gestational age does not affect the risk of fetal transmission "e.g in Toxoplasmosis, the more advanced is the gestational age, the higher is the risk of fetal transmission, this is related to the amount of placental blood flow" ,, the risk of fetal transmission is near 35% if the mother acquire a primary CMV infection.
7) The severity of congenital CMV infection increases with decreasing gestational age.
#Infections
◼ BRCA-2 is a gene carried on the long arm of chromosome 13 that predispose its carriers to several types of cancers including Breast cancer.
◼ If cancer occurs in those patients, it's usually in a younger age, bilateral and of IDC type , other associated malignancies include ovarian, colon, prostate, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, bladder cancers and melanoma.
◼ Special thing about BRCA-2 caused breast cancer is that it's usually hormone receptors positive ( BRCA-1 is usually HR negative ) and more well differentiated than that caused by BRCA-1 gene rendering it a Better prognosis.
#Breast
◼ If cancer occurs in those patients, it's usually in a younger age, bilateral and of IDC type , other associated malignancies include ovarian, colon, prostate, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, bladder cancers and melanoma.
◼ Special thing about BRCA-2 caused breast cancer is that it's usually hormone receptors positive ( BRCA-1 is usually HR negative ) and more well differentiated than that caused by BRCA-1 gene rendering it a Better prognosis.
#Breast
◼BRCA-1 gene is carried on the long arm of chromosome 17 and is associated with early onset of bilateral breast cancer ( IDC ) .
◼The gene is also associated with multiple other malignancies including ovarian, colon, and prostate cancers .
#Breast
◼The gene is also associated with multiple other malignancies including ovarian, colon, and prostate cancers .
#Breast
Microdochectomy : it is the surgical removal (excision) of a lactiferous duct. A mere incision of a mammary duct (without excision) is called microdochotomy .
#Breast
#Breast
Remember:
-Biopsy rather than any imaging modality is the Best DIAGNOSTIC method of any lump .
#Breast
-Biopsy rather than any imaging modality is the Best DIAGNOSTIC method of any lump .
#Breast
-Long standing Lymphedema predispose to Lymphangiosarcoma ( Stewart Treves syndrome ) .
-This usually occurs 3-5 years after mastectomy and radiotherapy with multiple subcutaneous nodules.
-The condition had very bad prognosis.
#Breast
-This usually occurs 3-5 years after mastectomy and radiotherapy with multiple subcutaneous nodules.
-The condition had very bad prognosis.
#Breast
Slit like nipple retraction :
Seen in mammary duct ectasia.
The scar above the nipple is due to incision made to drain an abcess caused by the periductal mastitis.
#Breast
Seen in mammary duct ectasia.
The scar above the nipple is due to incision made to drain an abcess caused by the periductal mastitis.
#Breast
Nipple retraction !
Nipple retention is not always due to malignancy as some benign conditions such as " mammary duct ectasia " can cause it as well , remember that it's important to exclude malignancy in any suspicious case .
◼Simple nipple inversion is retraction of the nipple which occurs at puberty and of unknown aetiology .
Inverted nipple could be problematic during lactation as it predispose to infections owing to retention of secretions.
Mechanical suction devices could be used to evert the nipples with suction of retained milk .
Recent retraction of the nipples could be of pathological significance.
◼Slit like retraction of the nipple may be due to mammary duct ectasia and chronic periductal mastitis .
◼Circumferential retraction with or without an underlying lump may well indicate and underlying Carcinoma!
#Breast
Nipple retention is not always due to malignancy as some benign conditions such as " mammary duct ectasia " can cause it as well , remember that it's important to exclude malignancy in any suspicious case .
◼Simple nipple inversion is retraction of the nipple which occurs at puberty and of unknown aetiology .
Inverted nipple could be problematic during lactation as it predispose to infections owing to retention of secretions.
Mechanical suction devices could be used to evert the nipples with suction of retained milk .
Recent retraction of the nipples could be of pathological significance.
◼Slit like retraction of the nipple may be due to mammary duct ectasia and chronic periductal mastitis .
◼Circumferential retraction with or without an underlying lump may well indicate and underlying Carcinoma!
#Breast
Polythelia ( supernumerary nipples ) :
It's not uncommon for human to have more than two nipples , they occur along the " Milk line " which extends from the anterior axillary fold to the fold of the groin .
There's no known limit to the number of nipples that could be present in such case .
#Breast
It's not uncommon for human to have more than two nipples , they occur along the " Milk line " which extends from the anterior axillary fold to the fold of the groin .
There's no known limit to the number of nipples that could be present in such case .
#Breast
-Mammography is superior to MRI in DCIS ( Ductal carcinoma in situ )
Supiculated micro calcifications seen only by mammograhy .
#Breast
Supiculated micro calcifications seen only by mammograhy .
#Breast
-Breast cancer is the Most common cancer in female .
So always keep it in mind and try to exclude it in any patient presenting with a breast mass and you must perform Triple assessment .
1. Clinical assessment of the mass
2. Imaging ( mammography / ultrasonography )
3. Biopsy ( FNAC / corecut ) .
#Breast
So always keep it in mind and try to exclude it in any patient presenting with a breast mass and you must perform Triple assessment .
1. Clinical assessment of the mass
2. Imaging ( mammography / ultrasonography )
3. Biopsy ( FNAC / corecut ) .
#Breast
In Breast imaging
•Mammography :
-It's a soft tissue radiograph taken by placing the breast in direct contact with ultra ultrasensitive film and exposing it to Low-voltage High amperage X-ray.
-The dose of radiation is Low so it's considered very safe Investigation.
The sensitivity of mammography Increases with increased age ( less dense breast tissue ) .
-5% of breast cancer's are missed on mammographic screening programs even retrospectively.
#Breast
•Mammography :
-It's a soft tissue radiograph taken by placing the breast in direct contact with ultra ultrasensitive film and exposing it to Low-voltage High amperage X-ray.
-The dose of radiation is Low so it's considered very safe Investigation.
The sensitivity of mammography Increases with increased age ( less dense breast tissue ) .
-5% of breast cancer's are missed on mammographic screening programs even retrospectively.
#Breast
-The use of isotope scanning is routinely Indicated when nodularity is associated with toxicity.
#Thyroid
The risk of a discrete of isolated thyroid malignancy in a Male is 4 folds that of a female.
That's why it's forbidden for a male to have isolated thyroid swelling.
#Thyroid
That's why it's forbidden for a male to have isolated thyroid swelling.
#Thyroid