-The most common anterior mediastinal mass is Thymoma .

#Surgery

-Most common primary tumour leading to secondaries in pancreas is kidney.

#Surgery

-Most common nephropathy in cancer patients is Membranous nephropathy.

#Renal

-Most common type of renal stones are Calcium Oxalate stones .

-Most common type of prostate stones are Calcium Phosphate stones .

#Renal

-The most common site of Ectopic thyroid tissue is tongue .

Which makes sense since it's the site where it originally originates.

#Thyroid

-The most commonly injured heart structure in trauma is Right Ventricle .

Which makes sense since it makes most of the anterior wall of the heart.

#Surgery

•CONTENT OF POSTERIOR MEDIASTENUM :

-Posterior mediastinum is the part of the inferior mediastinum that is posterior the pericardial sac and anterior to the thoracic vertebrae.

And it contains:

-Esophagus .
-Thoracic Duct .
-Thoracic Splancnic nerves .
-Azygos and Hemiazygos veins .
-Thoracic Aorta .
-Esophageal Plexus .

#Anatomy
#Surgery

Boerhaave's syndrome.

#Esophagus

-Trousseau's syndrome: Migratory thrombophlebitis .

-Trousseau's sign : carpopedal spasm in hypocalcemia .

-Troisier's sign : palpable left supraclavicular lymph node ( Virchow's node ) .

#Surgery

Remember

Relations to peritoneum:

-Primary retroperitoneal organs include: (from the start of their development) adrenal gland, kidneys, ureter, aorta, IVC, esophagus and rectum.

-Secondary retroperitoneal,Pancreas (except the tail which is intraperitoneal) Duodenum (except the 1st part) Ascending colon &Descending colon.

-Intraperitoneal organs include: stomach, duodenum, liver, spleen, appendix, cecum and transverse colon.

#Anatomy
#Surgery

Remember

-In children younger than 2 - 3 years of age the Cricoid ring " 1st tracheal ring " is the narrowest portion of the airways , while in older children and adults , the glottis is the smallest part .


#Anatomy

MEN syndromes

MEN I :
▪Pituitary adenoma
▪Parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia
▪Pancreatic tumour.

MEN 2A:
▪Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
▪Parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia
▪Pheochromocytoma.

MEN II B:
▪Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
▪Mucousal neuromas
▪Pheochromocytoma
▪Marfanoid habitus.


#Endocrine

-The most common cause of esophageal perforation Is Iatrogenic .

-The first clinical sign of esophageal perforation is Pain .


#Esophagus

-Pharyngeal pouch aka Zenker's diverticulum , is a MUCOSAL outpouching through a weak area in the lower posterior pharyngeal wall known as Killian's dehiscence .

-It usually occurs in older population above the age of 60 , with 2:1 female predominance.

-Diagnosis is usually by imaging studies after clinical suspicion , with excellent results after barium swallow and the best being Videofluroscopic swallowing study .


#Esophagus

Remember:

-Smoking DOUBLES the risk of Crohn's disease , and HALVES the risk of Ulcerative colitis.

#Bowel

-Amiodarone is an Antiarrhythmic drug , however a major side effect of it is thyroid gland impairment .

#Thyroid

Most important features of congenital Cytomegalovirus infection :

1) It is the most common congenital infection acquired transplacentally.

2) It is a leading cause of microcephaly and mental retardation worldwide.

3) It is a leading cause of sensorineural hearing loss due to a congenital infection worldwide.

4) It can occur if the mother is chronically infected or have reactivated infection or if she was infected primarily with CMV, or if she gets infected with a new strain of CMV.

5) The commonest sources of maternal CMV infection is sexual contacts or contacts with young children.

6) The time of gestational age does not affect the risk of fetal transmission "e.g in Toxoplasmosis, the more advanced is the gestational age, the higher is the risk of fetal transmission, this is related to the amount of placental blood flow" ,, the risk of fetal transmission is near 35% if the mother acquire a primary CMV infection.

7) The severity of congenital CMV infection increases with decreasing gestational age.

#Infections

◼ BRCA-2 is a gene carried on the long arm of chromosome 13 that predispose its carriers to several types of cancers including Breast cancer.
◼ If cancer occurs in those patients, it's usually in a younger age, bilateral and of IDC type , other associated malignancies include ovarian, colon, prostate, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, bladder cancers and melanoma.
◼ Special thing about BRCA-2 caused breast cancer is that it's usually hormone receptors positive ( BRCA-1 is usually HR negative ) and more well differentiated than that caused by BRCA-1 gene rendering it a Better prognosis.

#Breast

◼BRCA-1 gene is carried on the long arm of chromosome 17 and is associated with early onset of bilateral breast cancer ( IDC ) .
◼The gene is also associated with multiple other malignancies including ovarian, colon, and prostate cancers .

#Breast

Microdochectomy : it is the surgical removal (excision) of a lactiferous duct. A mere incision of a mammary duct (without excision) is called microdochotomy .

#Breast