Urinary casts.

#Renal

-The majority of tumors in people with MEN I are benign . However, approximately 1 out of 3 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and mediastinal neuroendocrine tumors are cancerous .

#Endocrine

-Most common presentation of Hirschprung's disease is Abdominal distension .

#GIT

-Most common complication of measles is Otitis media .

#Infections

-Tests done, in suspecting DVT cases:

•MOSE'S sign/ Bancroft's sign - Calf tenderness on direct pressure on calf

•Pratt's sign - Calf tenderness on squeezing from side to side.

•HOMAN'S sign - By forcible dorsiflexion with extended knee / without folding the knee, tenderness felt over calf

•NEUHOF'S sign - Thickening and deep tenderness while palpating deep in calf muscle

•LINTON'S sign - After applying tourniquet at SFJ patient made to walk +/- removal of tourniquet -> prominent superficial veins observed.

#Vascular

Causes of localised Edema :

ALIVE


A. Allergic (angio-oedema)

L. Lymphatic (elephantiasis)

I. Inflammatory (infection, injury)

VE. VEnous (DVT, chronic venous insufficiency).

#Vascular

-The most common anterior mediastinal mass is Thymoma .

#Surgery

-Most common primary tumour leading to secondaries in pancreas is kidney.

#Surgery

-Most common nephropathy in cancer patients is Membranous nephropathy.

#Renal

-Most common type of renal stones are Calcium Oxalate stones .

-Most common type of prostate stones are Calcium Phosphate stones .

#Renal

-The most common site of Ectopic thyroid tissue is tongue .

Which makes sense since it's the site where it originally originates.

#Thyroid

-The most commonly injured heart structure in trauma is Right Ventricle .

Which makes sense since it makes most of the anterior wall of the heart.

#Surgery

•CONTENT OF POSTERIOR MEDIASTENUM :

-Posterior mediastinum is the part of the inferior mediastinum that is posterior the pericardial sac and anterior to the thoracic vertebrae.

And it contains:

-Esophagus .
-Thoracic Duct .
-Thoracic Splancnic nerves .
-Azygos and Hemiazygos veins .
-Thoracic Aorta .
-Esophageal Plexus .

#Anatomy
#Surgery

Boerhaave's syndrome.

#Esophagus

-Trousseau's syndrome: Migratory thrombophlebitis .

-Trousseau's sign : carpopedal spasm in hypocalcemia .

-Troisier's sign : palpable left supraclavicular lymph node ( Virchow's node ) .

#Surgery

Remember

Relations to peritoneum:

-Primary retroperitoneal organs include: (from the start of their development) adrenal gland, kidneys, ureter, aorta, IVC, esophagus and rectum.

-Secondary retroperitoneal,Pancreas (except the tail which is intraperitoneal) Duodenum (except the 1st part) Ascending colon &Descending colon.

-Intraperitoneal organs include: stomach, duodenum, liver, spleen, appendix, cecum and transverse colon.

#Anatomy
#Surgery

Remember

-In children younger than 2 - 3 years of age the Cricoid ring " 1st tracheal ring " is the narrowest portion of the airways , while in older children and adults , the glottis is the smallest part .


#Anatomy

MEN syndromes

MEN I :
▪Pituitary adenoma
▪Parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia
▪Pancreatic tumour.

MEN 2A:
▪Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
▪Parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia
▪Pheochromocytoma.

MEN II B:
▪Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
▪Mucousal neuromas
▪Pheochromocytoma
▪Marfanoid habitus.


#Endocrine

-The most common cause of esophageal perforation Is Iatrogenic .

-The first clinical sign of esophageal perforation is Pain .


#Esophagus

-Pharyngeal pouch aka Zenker's diverticulum , is a MUCOSAL outpouching through a weak area in the lower posterior pharyngeal wall known as Killian's dehiscence .

-It usually occurs in older population above the age of 60 , with 2:1 female predominance.

-Diagnosis is usually by imaging studies after clinical suspicion , with excellent results after barium swallow and the best being Videofluroscopic swallowing study .


#Esophagus