Crush syndrome

-Crush syndrome also called bywater or traumatic rhabdomyolysis caused by reperfusion injury and it occur in crushing injuries of skeletal muscles , which become ischaemic, and upon removal of crushing pressure myoglobin enters bloodstream from lysed muscles causing acute renal tubular necrosis and renal failure , thats why in catastrophes , field amputation of limbs is required even when the limbs can be removed from underneath the crushing pressure

#Renal
#Vascular

25 cm structures:

■ Esophagus
■ Duodenum
■ Descending colon
■ Sigmoid colon
■ Ureter

#Anatomy
#Surgery

Most common:

-First Cause of death related to malingnancy in women is lung cancer .

-Most common malignancy in women is breast cancer .

-Most commom lung cancer in female is adenocarcinoma .

#Surgery

The most common (lung cancer)

-MCC of bronchial cancer is cigarette smoking.
-Most common type of lung cancer is adenocarcinoma.
-Least common type of lung cancer is large cell carcinoma.
-Worst type of lung cancer is mainly mesothelioma (2-3 months survival rate) and small cell carcinoma (1-2 years survival rate).
-Most common early symptom is dry cough.
-Most common lung cancer causing superior vena cava syndrome is small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC).
-Most common lung cancer causing pancoast tumor is squamous cell carcinoma.
-Most common lung cancer causing SIADH is small cell carcinoma (due to secretion of ADH).
-Most common lung cancer causing hypercalcemia is squamous cell carcinoma (due to secretion of PTH_like protein).
-Most common lung cancer causing cushing's syndrome is small cell carcinoma (due to secretion of ectopic ACTH).
-Lung cancer causing eaton_lambert syndrome is small cell carcinoma.
-Most common lung cancer causing hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is adenocarcinoma.
-Lung cancer causing gynecomastia and galactorrhoea in males and false positive pregnancy test in females is large cell carcinoma (due to secretion of beta_HCG).
-Most definitive diagnosis is biopsy
-Most useful initial test is CXR.
-Most common type of lung cancer in non-smoker is adenocarcinoma.
-Most common cavitating lung cancer is squamous cell carcinoma.
-Most sensitive lung cancer to radiotherapy and chemotherapy is small cell lung carcinoma.
-Least sensitive lung cancer to radiotherapy and chemotherapy is large cell carcinoma.
-The best prognostic tumor among lung cancers is squamous cell carcinoma.

#Respiratory

Urinary casts.

#Renal

-The majority of tumors in people with MEN I are benign . However, approximately 1 out of 3 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and mediastinal neuroendocrine tumors are cancerous .

#Endocrine

-Most common presentation of Hirschprung's disease is Abdominal distension .

#GIT

-Most common complication of measles is Otitis media .

#Infections

-Tests done, in suspecting DVT cases:

•MOSE'S sign/ Bancroft's sign - Calf tenderness on direct pressure on calf

•Pratt's sign - Calf tenderness on squeezing from side to side.

•HOMAN'S sign - By forcible dorsiflexion with extended knee / without folding the knee, tenderness felt over calf

•NEUHOF'S sign - Thickening and deep tenderness while palpating deep in calf muscle

•LINTON'S sign - After applying tourniquet at SFJ patient made to walk +/- removal of tourniquet -> prominent superficial veins observed.

#Vascular

Causes of localised Edema :

ALIVE


A. Allergic (angio-oedema)

L. Lymphatic (elephantiasis)

I. Inflammatory (infection, injury)

VE. VEnous (DVT, chronic venous insufficiency).

#Vascular

-The most common anterior mediastinal mass is Thymoma .

#Surgery

-Most common primary tumour leading to secondaries in pancreas is kidney.

#Surgery

-Most common nephropathy in cancer patients is Membranous nephropathy.

#Renal

-Most common type of renal stones are Calcium Oxalate stones .

-Most common type of prostate stones are Calcium Phosphate stones .

#Renal

-The most common site of Ectopic thyroid tissue is tongue .

Which makes sense since it's the site where it originally originates.

#Thyroid

-The most commonly injured heart structure in trauma is Right Ventricle .

Which makes sense since it makes most of the anterior wall of the heart.

#Surgery

•CONTENT OF POSTERIOR MEDIASTENUM :

-Posterior mediastinum is the part of the inferior mediastinum that is posterior the pericardial sac and anterior to the thoracic vertebrae.

And it contains:

-Esophagus .
-Thoracic Duct .
-Thoracic Splancnic nerves .
-Azygos and Hemiazygos veins .
-Thoracic Aorta .
-Esophageal Plexus .

#Anatomy
#Surgery

Boerhaave's syndrome.

#Esophagus

-Trousseau's syndrome: Migratory thrombophlebitis .

-Trousseau's sign : carpopedal spasm in hypocalcemia .

-Troisier's sign : palpable left supraclavicular lymph node ( Virchow's node ) .

#Surgery

Remember

Relations to peritoneum:

-Primary retroperitoneal organs include: (from the start of their development) adrenal gland, kidneys, ureter, aorta, IVC, esophagus and rectum.

-Secondary retroperitoneal,Pancreas (except the tail which is intraperitoneal) Duodenum (except the 1st part) Ascending colon &Descending colon.

-Intraperitoneal organs include: stomach, duodenum, liver, spleen, appendix, cecum and transverse colon.

#Anatomy
#Surgery