•What are the  causes of unilateral wasting of leg?

1-Diabetic amyotrophy
2-Old poliomyelitis
3-Arthritis or trauma
4-Cerebral palsy
5-Disc prolapse.

#Medicine
#Diabetes

•What is the link between obesity and diabetes mellitus?

-Fat cells release free fatty acids and also TNF-a which are responsible for insulin resistance. A new protein called resistin secreted by the fat cells, also causes insulin resistance.

#Medicine
#Diabetes

C-peptide: can help differentiate between types of diabetes:

↑ C-peptide levels may indicate insulin resistanceand hyperinsulinmia → T2DM
Q.  What are the  causes of unilateral wasting  of leg? A.  As follows: Y Diabetic amyotrophy Y Old poliomyelitis Y Arthritis or trauma Y Cerebral palsy Y Disc prolapse.
↓ C-peptide levels indicate an absolute insulindeficiency → T1DM

Diagnostic Features of Metabolic Syndrome: ( >= 3 the following):-

1. Abdominal obesity (waist circumference: men> 102 cm, women > 88 cm).
2. Hypertriglyceridemia (>= 150 mg/dL).
3. Low HDL cholesterol (men< 40 mg/dL, women< 50 mg/dL).
4. Hypertension(>= 130/85 mmHg).
5. Fasting hyperglycemia (>= 110).

#Medicine
#Diabetes

FENa < 1% (Pre renal state):

➔ Contrast nephropathy.
➔ Acute GN.
➔ Myoglobin induced ATN.

#Medicine
#Renal

Treatment of Pinworm infection:


-Mebendazole: children ≥2 years of age and adults:100 mg orally as a single dose, may repeat in 2 weeks.

Or:
-Albendazole: children ≥2 years of age and adults: 400 mg orally as a single dose, may repeat in 2 weeks.

#Medicine
#Infections

JUS REMEMBER:

-Fluoroquinolones may exacerbate muscle weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis. Avoid ciprofloxacin in patients with known history of myasthenia gravis.

#Medicine
#Neurology

JUST REMEMBER

-Howell-Jolly bodies are seen in hyposplenism and pencil cells are a feature of iron-deficiency. Both of these are seen in coeliac disease.

#Medicine
#Blood

JUST REMEMBER

-Primary hyperaldosteronism, bilateral renal artery stenosis and Bartter syndrome are associated with hypokalaemia due raised serum aldosterone.

#Medicine
#Endocrine

The Clasical traid of pheocromocytoma:

-Severe paroxysmal headaches,
-Diaphoresis (sweating), and
-Palpitations.

#Medicine
#Endocrine

-Glucagon is the main antidote in patients with beta blocker overdose with significant hypotension and bradycardia.

4-10 mg bolus then 2-5 mg / hour iv infusion.


#Medicine
#Cardiology

-Bicuspide aortic valve is the most common congenital cardiac anomaly in turner's syndrome 16%.


#Cardiology

-ACE-inhibitors and beta-blockers have NO effect on mortality in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

#Cardiology

Cough (acute): antimicrobial prescribing.

#Respiratory

-Avoid co-administering RAAS inhibitors and NSAIDs in patients with reduced renal perfusion (e.g., in congestive heart failure, renal artery stenosis) because doing so can significantly decrease their GFR.

#Nephrology

-AKI management is primarily supportive. Currently, there are no specific pharmacotherapies for AKI.

#Nephrology

Howship-Romberg Sign

◼️Pain radiating down the medial thigh to the knee due to
compression of obturator nerve (anterior division) by the hernial sac.

◼️Charactaristic of an incarcerated hernia.

◼️Present in 25-50% cases.

#Hernia

-On a native valve ,the most common organisms causing infective endocarditis is Streptococcus viridanse.

#Cardiology

Some findings give important clues to the chronicity of disease:

Examples:

♥️ LVH on ECG suggests HTN has been longstanding.

🫘 A thin, echogenic renal cortex on US suggests CKD rather than AKI.

🩸Anemia w/ low MCHC suggests longstanding Fe deficiency.

#Medicine

Main treatment of:

-Good pasture syndrome👉🏼Plasmapheresis.

-Churgstrauss or Wegner granulomatosis or PAN👉🏼 High dose steroids and cyclophosphamide .

-Minimal change disease👉🏼 Oral steroids.

-Scleroderma or diabetic associated nephropathy ( to slow progression )👉🏼ACEI .

#Medicine

-Presence of Anti-SSA/Ro in pregnant women with SLE is associated with an increased risk of [congenital heart block in the fetus].


#Rheumatology