•Causes of metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap are:

1-Renal tubular acidosis
2-Diarrhea
3-Ureterosigmoidostomy
4-Acetazolamide therapy
5-Ammonium chloride ingestion.

#Medicine
#Diabetes

-Normal osmolarity is 285 to 300 mosm/kg.

-If it is > 340 mosm, consciousness is depressed.

-Normal anion gap value is 8 to 14 mmol/L.

#Medicine
#Diabetes

•Causes of neuropathic ulcer:

1-Leprosy
2-Diabetes mellitus
3-Polyneuropathy (due to any cause)
4-Tabes dorsalis
5-Syringomyelia
6-Amyloidosis
7-Porphyria
8-Progressive sensory neuropathy.

#Medicine

•What are the causes of ulcer in DM?

-Ischemia
-Neuropathy
-Combined ischemia and neuropathy
-Secondary infection.

#Medicine

•What are the causes of loss of vision in DM?

1-Diabetic retinopathy
2-Cataract
3-Age-related macular degeneration
4-Retinal vein occlusion
5-Retinal artery occlusion
6-Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy
7-Glaucoma.

#Medicine
#Diabetes

•What are the  causes of unilateral wasting of leg?

1-Diabetic amyotrophy
2-Old poliomyelitis
3-Arthritis or trauma
4-Cerebral palsy
5-Disc prolapse.

#Medicine
#Diabetes

•What is the link between obesity and diabetes mellitus?

-Fat cells release free fatty acids and also TNF-a which are responsible for insulin resistance. A new protein called resistin secreted by the fat cells, also causes insulin resistance.

#Medicine
#Diabetes

C-peptide: can help differentiate between types of diabetes:

↑ C-peptide levels may indicate insulin resistanceand hyperinsulinmia → T2DM
Q.  What are the  causes of unilateral wasting  of leg? A.  As follows: Y Diabetic amyotrophy Y Old poliomyelitis Y Arthritis or trauma Y Cerebral palsy Y Disc prolapse.
↓ C-peptide levels indicate an absolute insulindeficiency → T1DM

Diagnostic Features of Metabolic Syndrome: ( >= 3 the following):-

1. Abdominal obesity (waist circumference: men> 102 cm, women > 88 cm).
2. Hypertriglyceridemia (>= 150 mg/dL).
3. Low HDL cholesterol (men< 40 mg/dL, women< 50 mg/dL).
4. Hypertension(>= 130/85 mmHg).
5. Fasting hyperglycemia (>= 110).

#Medicine
#Diabetes

FENa < 1% (Pre renal state):

➔ Contrast nephropathy.
➔ Acute GN.
➔ Myoglobin induced ATN.

#Medicine
#Renal

Treatment of Pinworm infection:


-Mebendazole: children ≥2 years of age and adults:100 mg orally as a single dose, may repeat in 2 weeks.

Or:
-Albendazole: children ≥2 years of age and adults: 400 mg orally as a single dose, may repeat in 2 weeks.

#Medicine
#Infections

JUS REMEMBER:

-Fluoroquinolones may exacerbate muscle weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis. Avoid ciprofloxacin in patients with known history of myasthenia gravis.

#Medicine
#Neurology

JUST REMEMBER

-Howell-Jolly bodies are seen in hyposplenism and pencil cells are a feature of iron-deficiency. Both of these are seen in coeliac disease.

#Medicine
#Blood

JUST REMEMBER

-Primary hyperaldosteronism, bilateral renal artery stenosis and Bartter syndrome are associated with hypokalaemia due raised serum aldosterone.

#Medicine
#Endocrine

The Clasical traid of pheocromocytoma:

-Severe paroxysmal headaches,
-Diaphoresis (sweating), and
-Palpitations.

#Medicine
#Endocrine

-Glucagon is the main antidote in patients with beta blocker overdose with significant hypotension and bradycardia.

4-10 mg bolus then 2-5 mg / hour iv infusion.


#Medicine
#Cardiology

-Bicuspide aortic valve is the most common congenital cardiac anomaly in turner's syndrome 16%.


#Cardiology

-ACE-inhibitors and beta-blockers have NO effect on mortality in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

#Cardiology

Cough (acute): antimicrobial prescribing.

#Respiratory

-Avoid co-administering RAAS inhibitors and NSAIDs in patients with reduced renal perfusion (e.g., in congestive heart failure, renal artery stenosis) because doing so can significantly decrease their GFR.

#Nephrology

-AKI management is primarily supportive. Currently, there are no specific pharmacotherapies for AKI.

#Nephrology